1 S 8 5 • ] Physiology and its Opponents. 651 
and the energy with which it adits on such point, the Sun 
shining only lor twelve hours on any point, will be — 
6*44° x 4 = 2576°.” 
Page 179.—“ The effect of the Sun on any one point 
during twelve hours will be therefore equivalent to melting 
an ice-crust 31*34x2 m. thick, over the whole earth.” 
Page 180. — But why did Pouillet, starting from a false 
premiss, obtain an almost correct, or a correct, result ? for 
we have only to add to his 26 m., almost corresponding to 
to 5*22° received at the surface of the real Earth, in which 
he erroneously thought he had included the air, the i*22° 
from the limits of the air to the surface of the Earth to get 
the second 31*34 m. complete, corresponding to the 6*44° at 
its limits.” 
It is sufficient to say that, by an interpretation of Pouillet’s 
observations different from his, put to the proof by analysing 
the work performed by the Sun, I made the Sun’s heat 
effect equivalent to melting an ice-sheet 62*68 m. thick, — 
more still than the 57*7 of Prof. Langley, who did not 
observe at the limits of the atmosphere. 
IV. PHYSIOLOGY AND ITS OPPONENTS* 
(Continued from page 603.) 
R. ROBERTSON then goes into the question of 
legislation for restraining cruelty to animals. He 
holds that in so doing “ we deliberately interfere 
with the liberty of our fellows, and that by way of asserting 
not the rights of animals, but our own ; for we do not claim 
for the hurt beast our own right of freedom, — we simply 
assert our determination to protect our own sensibilities in 
a case where we are convinced that the wounding of them 
* Apologia or explanation of my last Article on Vivisection which appeared 
in a London Journal, September, 1, 1884. By a “ Weak Woman ” who with- 
holds her name. 
The Ethics of Vivisection. By J. Robertson. From “ Our Corner.” 
August r, 1885. 
2X2 
