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sary judgment, when he says, — “ All other modes of conscious- 
ness are derivable from experiences of force ; but experiences of 
force are not derivable from anything else.” So far from this 
being the fact, experiences of force are not modes of con- 
sciousness at all : consciousness of power is one of its modes ; 
but this precedes judgments in reference to “ space, time, 
matter, and motion,” and is not derived from them. He is 
nearer the mark when he says that “ Force, as we know it, can 
be regarded only as a certain conditioned effect of the uncon- 
ditioned cause.” As a power of matter it is conditioned by 
the laws of matter ; that is, by the rule of action of a volun- 
tarily conditioned, but absolutely unconditioned lawgiver, or 
first cause. When these conditions are supplied, the power is 
exerted; when they are withheld, the power remains un- 
exerted. 
16. The next fallacy we meet with in this investigation is that 
force and motion are the same,— that the terms may be used 
indiscriminately. Light, heat, electricity, &c., are called 
physical forces ; but they are also called modes of motion. 
This is too evidently the general teaching of the present day to 
need either proof or illustration. But it is fallacious ; because, 
although force is a condition of motion, it cannot be resolved 
into motion. Force and motion are equally conditional. The 
original condition of force is volition ; the condition of motion 
is force; but the conditions of a phenomenon must not be 
confounded with the phenomenon itself. This, however, is one 
of the commonest errors of our present physicists. For example, 
Mr. Grove says that “ Sound is motion ;” but, as Mr. Moore well 
points out, “ Sound is not motion, but sound. A logical defini- 
tion of sound is impossible. Mr. Grove forgets that each thing 
is itself, and not something else. We allow that the vibration 
of a sounding-board is a constituted condition of the existence 
of sound. We also admit that the undulations of the atmo- 
sphere, or of some other medium, are necessary to our percep- 
tion of sound.” But we are as fully justified in asserting that 
the form of the undulation is sound as that the motion is. 
Motion is motion, and not force, although it is the result of 
force. 
17. Mr. Grove further observes that “ we now so readily resolve 
sound into motion that to those who are familiar with acoustics 
the phenomena of sound immediately present to the mind the 
idea of motion, — i. e ., motion of ordinary matter.” The latter 
portion of this is quite correct : knowing the conditions of 
sound, when we hear any, there arises to the mind, by the 
ordinary laws of association, the idea of motion; but that is not 
by any means resolving sound into motion. When I eat an 
