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that the motion was converted into the heat. This was the first push which 
the scientific ball received in this direction. When you have once estab- 
lished the fact that heat, one of our forces, is a mode of motion, the con- 
clusion that most of the other forces may have a similar explanation seems 
almost irresistible. The only thing to be added is, that some of them 
seem to be inherent and others seem to be acquired. A body may be more 
or less electrized : it may be in a highly electrical condition, or it may be in 
a condition giving no manifestation of electricity. But oxygen cannot have 
more or less affinity with nitrogen — its combining number is always the same. 
It has always the same amount of attraction for nitrogen, carbon, or sulphur, 
at one time as at another, so that it is an inalienable property. Many of 
those faults of language that have been alluded to are really explicable on 
the assumption that the terms we use in talking of such highly metaphysical 
notions as force or energy are not yet settled ; and it will take a good while 
before a settlement of the language to be employed will be obtained. 
The Chairman. — But is it not possible to reason on the matter under these 
circumstances until the terms are settled accurately ? 
Dr. Haughton. — Every man must know what he means himself when he 
uses a particular expression. We fancy we differ very often, because we use 
the same word in a different 'sense from our neighbours. Some people manage 
to agree about things for the sole reason that they are using the same terms ; 
and although they have come to different conclusions, they believe them 
to be identical. But I confess' there is a good deal of metaphysics about all 
this. I would next refer to the criticism of Professor Huxley in this paper. 
Let it be understood I do not go in for Huxleyism : I am a strong opponent of 
Huxley’s views. I quote from section 44 “ The capacity of jelly to guide 
forces, which Professor Huxley says is a fact of the profoundest significance 
to him, is not a fact at all, but merely an assertion.” Now this is quoted 
from Dr. Beale. Taking the literal meaning of the words used, this is probably 
a fair exception to take to the use of the words ; but I fancy that when 
Huxley talks of jelly he means protoplasm, or what Beale would call bioplasm, 
—that is, organized matter, and not common jelly. And it is pretty well 
admitted by all physiologists of any position, that there is organization in the 
case referred to : the jelly itself is plus the organization ; that is, there 
is a directive power which is capable of guiding, and which does guide. 
Let us take a physical illustration. How is a candle made ? The grease is 
poured around the wick into a mould, and it takes the form of the mould — 
it cannot take any other. In this sense the mould guides the material used. 
But let the matter be organized. When the forces of Nature begin to operate, 
the organized matter produces certain results different from what would have 
taken place had the matter been unorganized. Living matter, therefore, does 
guide forces in that sense, because it is constructed and organized (as I 
believe by Divine Intelligence) in such a way that the forces of Nature, which 
have their source in a creative fiat, may produce certain results by acting upon 
it, which could only be produced in matter previously prepared and having a 
certain constitution. That is the view I have taken in an article which I 
