is right in intercalating the pluvial period here, we have then, 
antecedent to this, say at least 3,000 years in the ordinary 
chronology of the Bible, within which to place the mammoth 
age and its hunters in the West. 
We may assume it as established that there was a time when 
England was connected with the continent, when big animals 
roamed in summer up the water-courses and across the uplands, 
and man, armed only with rude stones, followed them into the 
marshes and woods, hunted them for sustenance, and consumed 
them in shelter of caves, then accessible from the river levels. 
This state of things was continued until disturbed by oscilla- 
tions of surface, accompanied by excessive rainfalls and rushes 
of water from the water-sheds of the rivers, until the great 
animals were driven out or destroyed, and man ceased to visit 
these parts. The disturbances continued, the Straits of Dover 
were formed, the configuration of the soft parts of the islands 
and continents was fixed, action subsided, and the present state 
of things obtained. Man resumed his residence, but with loss 
of the mammoth and its companions. The reindeer now con- 
stituted the type of a state of things which lasted down to the 
historic period, without any other break from that time to 
this. 
We have then, first a period during which the waters of the 
valleys ran at higher levels, and were considerably larger, — 
the mammoth age. Then a diluvial and pluvial period, part of 
the mammoth age, — a period of great physical changes; and 
afterwards the present state of things. 
Now w r e know tolerably well the duration of the last. 
Secular history concerning the West contains no records 
earlier than the date usually assigned to the foundation of 
Carthage, B.C. 844, which leaves 1,643 years after the Flood, 
during which all written history is silent, and 1,656 years before 
the Flood, also quite dark. The latter 1,656 years was a time 
of great operations. We know that enormous physical results 
have been produced and completed in very brief time. Instances 
of this are matters of familiar history. If we assign 1,656 
years for the occurrence of this turbulent epoch, no one can 
say that it is insufficient. Then we have upwards of 3,000 
years from the alleged introduction of man, according to the 
hook of Genesis; if the mammoth period occupied 1,000 years, 
we have 2,000 years before secular history for the duration 
of the neolithic age, and all its accompaniments ; i.e., take 
the whole of the period since the Flood as the recent period, 
and the 1,656 before that, to include the man-and-iuammoth 
age and diluvial period. It should not be forgotten that the 
