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sweeps off from Burmah 62 cubic feet of earth in every second 
of time on an average.” (4) The large deposits of sedimentary 
matter which have been ascertained by series of measurements 
made in quite recent times, to be going on at the mouth of the 
Mississippi, might be adduced as another instance of the transfer 
of earthy materials from one locality to another by river-agency. 
(See LyelTs Antiquity of Man, 4th ed., p. 44.) 
But besides these changes which appear to be operating con- 
tinuously and in comparative quietness, others are witnessed 
from time to time, which are specially characterized by their 
suddenness and violence. As to these, to adopt the language of 
Sir John Herschel in (6), “ Let the volcano and the earthquake 
tell their tale. Let the earthquake tell how, within the memory 
of man, the whole coast-line of Chili, for 100 miles about Val- 
paraiso, with the mighty chain of the Andes, was hoisted at one 
blow (in a single night, Nov. 19th, 1822) from two to seven feet 
above its former level, leaving the beach below the old low- 
water-mark high and dry.” “ One of the Andes upheaved on 
this occasion was the gigantic mass of Aconcagua, which over- 
looks Valparaiso, and is nearly 24,000 feet in height.” On the 
same occasion “at least 10,000 square miles of country were 
estimated as having been upheaved ; and the upheaval was not 
confined to the land, but extended far away to sea, which 
was proved by the soundings off Valparaiso and along the coast 
having been found considerably shallower than they were before 
the shock.” 
the year 1819, in an earthquake in India, in the district 
of Cutch, bordering on the Indus, a tract of country more than 
fifty miles long and sixteen broad was suddenly raised ten feet 
above its former level. The raised portion still stands up above 
the unraised, like a long perpendicular wall, known by the name 
of the Ullah Bund, or God’s wall.” (7). 
Again, as examples of changes of level, Sir Charles Lvell 
adduces “the strata near Naples, in which the temple of Serapis 
at Pozzuoli was entombed. These upraised strata, the highest 
of which are about twenty-five feet above the level of the sea, 
form a terrace skirting the eastern shore of the Bay of Bairn. 
They consist partly of clay, partly of volcanic matter, and con- 
tain fragments of sculpture, pottery, and the remains of buildings, 
together with great numbers of shells, retaining in part their 
colour, and of the same species as those now inhabiting the 
neighbouring sea. Their emergence can be proved to have taken 
place since the beginning of the sixteenth century.” ( Antiquity 
of Man, p. 48.) 
Herschel’s Lecture, before cited, contains, in the portion 
