83 
the original ivory and bony substance had passed away particle 
by particle, and had been replaced by particles of stone, 
there was no doubt that the whole Himalayan chain— the 
highest m the world, had been raised since that old elephant 
had lived ; because at greater heights than this Indian quarry, 
not only fossil elephants, but hippopotami,— which required 
lakes and rivers to live in— had been found ; also fossil giraffes, 
bimilar evidence had been procured in regard to the Alps, the 
Pyrenees, and the Andes, all of which had been upheaved at 
what, in the history of geological changes, was a comparatively 
recent period.” 
Ibis account of the condition in which the fossilized elephant 
was found is very remarkable and instructive, as seeming to 
prove that this animal was suddenly enveloped by matter in the 
state of hot lava flowing from the mountain. 
In a Manual of Geology by the Rev. T. G. Bonney, pub- 
lished by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, the 
opinion is expressed that “ mountain-ranges have been raised 
like gigantic billows, two of the largest, the Alps and Hima- 
layas, being comparatively modern ” (p. 4] ). 
If for the reasons above given we may conclude that the 
upheavals of the principal mountain-ranges were of so recent 
a date that they might be contemporaneous with the Deluge of 
Scripture, and be referable to the same physical causation, it 
will be necessary to inquire whether the forces to which, 
according to our theory, the Deluge may be attributed, were 
adequate to the production of these effects also. The original 
and remote cause of the Deluge, we have argued, was an 
abnormal iucrement of the earth’s central heat ; the immediate 
cause, a disturbance of the equilibrium of the earth’s crust by 
the abstraction of water from the sea by evaporation, and the 
descent of the same on the land in the form of rain. To give 
some means of estimating the weight of water which might be 
thus taken up from the oceans and deposited on the 
continents, it may be stated that every inch of rain falling 
upon an acre of ground is in measure 22,622 gallons, which is 
equivalent in weight to one hundred tons very nearly, and that 
in instances of rain-falls which occurred at Geneva, Perth, and 
Naples, the rates were found by measurement to be respectively 
two inches, one inch and three-fifths, and one inch and four- 
fifths, in an hour (Report of Transactions of Sections of the 
British Association, 1840, p. 44). Taking the rate of two 
inches per hour, the weight of the rain-fall in one hour on the 
area of England and Wales, which is known to be about 371 
millions of acres, would amount to very little short of seventy- 
five hundred millions of tons. 
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