181 
Empire, when the Etruscan language was dying out, and Latin 
was the ruling' language at Perugia. In this sarcophagus was 
buried the descendant of a long line of Etruscan nobles — himself 
the last Etruscan, the first Homan, of his race. 
Now if we rearrange the two inscriptions, so as to show how 
the several words correspond, we have — 
Lathi: — V . VOLUMNIUS A.F. VIOLENS, CAFATIA NATUS. 
Etruscan : — pup. velimna au. cahatial. 
The agreement of the Prsenomen, the Nomen, and the Patronymic 
is easy to follow. The Latin Agnomen violens has no direct 
equivalent in the Etruscan translation, though probably, like other 
Agnomina, it may be derived by translation from cahati, the 
name of the man's mother.* The most important point to notice is 
that cahatial, the last word of the Etruscan record, is equivalent 
to cafatia natus, the last words of the Latin inscription. In 
another bilingual inscription the Etruscan word cainal is in like 
manner translated by cainnia natus. Hence we learn positively 
the meaning of the suffix al, which occurs many hundred times in 
Etruscan inscriptions. It was the regular Etruscan metronymic ; 
it is usually appended to the mother's name, and means “ child ’’ 
or “ born of." Our nearest approach to the names cahatial 
or cainal are the English patronymics, such as Johnson and 
Thompson ; metronymics like Marychild or Lucychild, if we had 
them, would exactly represent the Etruscan nomenclature. 
The bilinguals give us some small further help. The word sec 
or sech occurs in 79 epitaphs, all of which relate to women. The 
Etruscans must have had a word meaning “ daughter " ; and such a 
word must necessarily have been often used in mortuary inscrip- 
tions. This meaning is perfectly suitable in all the 79 inscriptions 
which contain the word sec. In one case this word sec appears to 
be translated by the Latin filia. t We may, therefore, take it as 
certain that sec meant <c daughter." 
In like manner there are 89 epitaphs, all of them relating to 
men, which contain the word clan. In one bilingual this is re- 
presented in the Latin version by F., which of course stands 
iovfilius. It is agreed on all hands that clan must mean “ son," 
or perhaps distinctively “eldest son.” 
The suffix -ISA occurs in innumerable inscriptions. There can 
be no doubt that it designates married women. Thus Herinisa 
would be the “ wife of Herini.” 
Here then are four definite results. We have the meanings of 
* See p. 195, infra. 
f Corssen, p. 164, note. 
