fish and fowl. As this is not a natural process of generation, the 
command given to the waters signifies that the effect was produced 
simply by a creative act. It is expressly said that both fish and 
owl were thus created “after their kind/’ which is a direct asser- 
tion ot the original generation of species. 
46. So also on the sixth day the earth is commanded to brin- 
torth beasts, and cattle, and reptiles ; which, for the same reason 
as that just mentioned, means absolute creation. Lastly, man is 
created male and female, in the image of his Maker. Adam was 
made of the dust of the ground, and Eve of a bone of Adam ex- 
pressly to show that the human race had its beginning in a sin-le 
pair by creation , all others coming into existence by means °of 
natural generation. The creation of species of beasts and cattle is 
as expressly affirmed as that of fish and fowl. 
47. I suppose that no advocate of development would contend 
that an oak might have had its origin in a lichen, or a blade of 
grass. J here isjust as little reason to say that man was developed 
from an oyster. Different species were created ab initio for different 
purposes. 1 he lion, the horse, the lamb, severally have assigned 
parts both in nature and in Scripture. The ape, possibly, might 
be intended for setting forth by contrast the grace and nobleness of 
the human form, being all the more adapted to that end by its 
proximity in external appearance in some respects to man. But 
the Scriptural doctrine of species forbids us to admit that man 
could have had his descent through an ape. 
,, J. P ro Pose to conclude this Essay by directing attention to 
the leading points of the arguments I have adduced, "with respect 
to all that has been said, the most essential principle is the dis- 
tinction between created existences and those which result from 
them by the operation of laws. To this principle I have been led 
by adopting the Newtonian Physical Philosophy. The distinction 
pei tains to all departments of physical and natural science. In 
rhysics the primitive entities are the ether and the atoms the 
creation of which is implied in the account of the Creation in 
bren. 1 . although their names have been derived from Greek 
philosophy, and their reality is established by modern science 
But with respect to the other departments of natural science m Y 
contention is that we are absolutely dependent on Scriptural state- 
ments for knowing what are really the primitive fact S P origin atin- 
in creation Modern theories of the origination of the "facts of 
the external world are only vain attempts to dispense with bavin- 
recourse to the Word of God for information. Darwin ha? 
invented phrases, which have become current, but how far thev 
express realities still remains to be shown. The protoplasm of 
Huxley only demonstrates the perfection of the instrumental means 
