261 
to a re-examination of the works of the great German thinkers 
of the past century, with a view to the discovery of traces of a 
theory of the “ unconscious.” Having already unduly pro- 
tracted this historical sketch, I must be permitted to refer those 
who desire more detailed information on this part of the subject 
to the German of Dr. Johannes Yolkelt, who, in Das Unbewusste 
und der Pessimismus (Berlin, 1873), examines, pp. 44-77, the 
doctrines of Kant and Hegel. He shows how Kant, in his 
Anthropologie, alludes to unconscious mental representations 
( Vorstellungen), how his doctrine of the “ forms of sensibility ” 
(space and time) and of the “ categories of the understanding,” 
as a priori implicit possessions of the mind, antecedent to all 
experience, may be regarded as implying that these are origin- 
ally unconscious, and how a similar implication is involved in 
his ^Esthetics, his theory of genius, &c. Of the Hegelian 
system, Dr. Yolkelt, himself an Hegelian, reaffirms the most 
common interpretation, namely, that it represents the universe 
as the gradual evolution of an unconscious, ideal principle ( ff the 
unconsciously logical,” as Yolkelt very abstractly terms it), 
which attains to self-consciousness only in man (and most per- 
fectly, it may be presumed, in Hegelians of the school of 
Volkelt). (The latter, it may be remarked, does not point out 
the capital difference between the “ unconscious ” with Kant 
and Hegel, namely, that with the former it is confined to the 
finite spirit of man, while with the latter it is a predicate of the 
mind which inhabits the universe.) Hartmann, on the other 
hand, makes much of the authority of Schelling, in whose 
works (the mingled outcome of ancient philosophy, medieval 
mysticism, and German thought), he finds the clearest expres- 
sion, before his own time, of the unconscious in the world and 
in man. Hartmann has himself called forth defenders and 
imitators in plenty, who seek to explain the world without 
the aid of a personal God. I will name only two, Moritz 
Venetianer {Der Allgeist. Grundzuge des Panpsychismus bn 
Anschluss an die Philosophie des Unbewussten, Berlin, 1874), 
and Ludwig Noire {Die Welt als Entwickelung des Geistes , 
Leipzig, 1874). According to Noire, the fundamental attri- 
butes of being are motion and sensation. These suffice him for 
the construction of the universe. The “ unconscious ” in the 
human mind, apart from the theory of the unconscious prin- 
ciple underlying and causing the universe, has occupied, and 
still occupies, the attention of psychologists and physiologists. 
It is sufficient at present to refer to Dr. Carpenter’s theory of 
“ unconscious cerebration” (see Mental Physiology, chap, xiii., 
and other authorities there cited), and to the writings of Helm- 
t 2 
