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word “ idea ” in a secondary, metaphorical sense. We have no 
more occasion to ask whether an idea, taken in this sense, is 
conscious or unconscious, than to inquire whether sound is 
“ Intelligence ” is a synonym for “ knowing. It differs 
among different beings, and in the same being at different times, 
both in degree and in the nature of what is known. n le 
lowest case of simple sensation, intelligence, if (as taking the 
word in its broadest sense, we must) we extend the word to 
this case, is confined almost exclusively to the feeling expe- 
rienced. The being here is said to know its feeling, its sensa- 
tion, without reflecting that it knows it. . This is the poorest 
form of intelligence, but it is not conceivable without some 
feeble degree— a degree, perhaps, which would be inappreciable 
for us— of mental light. Man, whose mental life begins at this 
lowest step in the scale of “ intelligence,” rapidly ascends to 
the highest step of which we can have direct knowledge, when 
along with (con) knowing ( scientia ) goes consciousness, the 
knowing that he knows, and, in the last and highest resort, the 
knowing that he knows, or self-consciousness. All these stages 
must be implicitly contained in the lowest. Only m the highest 
are they explicitly, and then, even, only imperfectly, developed. 
These data are taken from the sphere of “ the known, from 
that which is observed or experienced ; and if, as is believed, they 
are correctly stated, it follows that no intelligence is explicitly 
unconscious, while even the lowest possesses implicitly, or in 
o-erm the attributes of perfect consciousness. In so tar, how- 
ever, as any “ intelligence” can be said to be unconscious, it is 
onlv that lowest stage of sensation, which is illustrated m the 
embryonic mental life of man and in various degrees (through all 
of which man rapidly passes in the growth of his consciousness) 
in the different orders of the organic creation inferior to man. 
What, more particularly, consciousness positively is, is known, 
and can be known, only through consciousness. First it exists 
and then it asks, What am I ? Consciousness reveals itself. It 
is known to us as a necessary attribute of our intelligence, or 
what amounts to the same thing, of ourselves as persons, for, 
when we call ourselves “ intelligences,” or “ intelligent beings, 
we implv more than is expressed in the above literal definition 
of the word “ intelligence.” Vie are aware that knowing is 
but a part, and by no means the major part, of ourselves as 
spiritual beings. We not only know, we also act. Intelligence 
is itself an act or complicated series of actions, and points to a 
knowing, spiritual agent, of which intelligence is but one o 
the functions. Further, we are in our action self-possessing 
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