127 
65. With regard to the Canaanite immigration into Palestine, 
two most remarkable Egyptian records have been used to prove 
that it could not have taken place before the early times of 
the Xllth dynasty. The argument has been brought forward 
by M. Lenormant. 
66. I. The inscription of Una of the YIth dynasty* * * § of the 
reigns of Teta and Pepi Merira. This records the reduction 
by repeated campaigns of a revolted people of the Amu called 
Heru-sha (lords of sand) who, evidently were inhabitants of 
the regions to the north-east of Egypt. The land of Khetam 
is mentioned as the scene of their revolt. This is identified 
by Brugsch-Bey in his memoir on the Exodus as the desert just 
beyond the eastern border of Lower Egypt. But these people 
possessed a very fertile region to the north, with corn crops, 
figs, and vineyards, and bordering on the sea. A place is 
mentioned whose name is read by Dr. Birch Takhisa or 
Takheba , by Brugsch Terehba. Of this more presently. The 
people were Amu, a Semitic designation. The discovery of 
Pepfs name at San is very interesting in connection with this 
inscription. It is also to be noticed that the first mention of the 
god Set (afterwards identified with the religion of the Hyksos, 
and especially the Hittites) is in an inscription of Pepi.f 
67. II. The romantic story of Saneha, of the beginning of 
the Xllth dynasty . X This adventurer found in the same 
country, as it seems, a civilized people called Tennu, who 
were Sati, that is Asiatics, and whose ruler bore the name of 
Ammu-anshi, as read by Goodwin, or Ammu-nensha (Chabas). 
We do not find the name Herusha here, but that of Nemma- 
sha occurs twice. 
68. Now M. Lenormant argues that these documents dis- 
prove the settlement of the Canaanites in Palestine up to the 
time of Amenemha I.§ But this inference seems to me pre- 
carious, for the Canaanites (Hittites, Amorites, &c.) spoke a 
Semitic language, and the Hyksos were known to the Egyp- 
tians as Sati. In fact the Egyptians do not seem to have 
distinguished the Canaanites as anything different from the 
Asiatics commonly known to us as Semitic. 
* Bee. of Past, ii. 3. Chabas, Etudes, &c., 2nd edition, 114. Brugsch, 
Hist. d'Eg., 71. 
t T. S.B. A., iii. 113. t Becords, vi. 131. 
§ Anc. Hist, of the East, ii. 148. Note by Dr. Birch on the Nemma-sha. 
“ The Nemmsha always have appeared to me to be possibly the Nomades or 
Nomads, Nomas of Herodotus.” “ Numidians,” N oyaSsc, “Wandering 
tribes of Asiatic origin.” Smith, Class. Die. This would agree very well 
with the text. H. G. T. 
