136 
the body a gradual revival beginning almost from the hour of 
death. “ The hymns and funereal prayers do not even name 
death, but only the second life.'”* * * § They did not believe in a 
resurrection of the wicked. It was denied to them, and after 
terrible and prolonged torments their end was annihilation. 
115. It is well known how all-important a matter is the judg- 
ment to come in the Egyptian Book of the Dead. The standard 
of conduct is beautiful. “ I have given bread to the hungry, 
water to the thirsty, clothing to the naked, and refuge to the 
wandering.” f 
116. It is, however, a terrible thought that there appears 
to have been no place for the penitent sinner, no belief in the 
forgiveness of sins, although there was a kind of redemption 
by Osiris, and prevailing intercession of Horus.J 
11 7. These things are most important in their bearing on 
the question whether the old fathers looked only for transitory 
promises. If Abraham did not account that G-od was able to 
raise his son from the dead, then the father of the faithful 
believed much less of Jehovah than the Babylonians of their 
Marduk, and the Egyptians of their Osiris. 
ELAM. 
113. The lovely and varied land of Elam lay on the east of 
the Tigris (Hiddekel) in its lower course, including a long 
fertile plain, from which rises the mountain region, beautiful 
with woods and rivers, where Humbaba, the enemy ot Izdubar, 
was slain by that hero, and whence the Elamites issued to 
attack the city of Erech. The settlement of Elam was at first 
the work of the children of Shem, but a Cushite race conquered 
the land, and from them it acquired the name of Cissia or 
Cossma, and the Cissians, who under Khammurabi (or Kham- 
muragas) conquered Babylonia, had evidently long before 
been powerful there, for Agu-kak-rimi calls himself king of 
the Cassi, and the five ancient kings mentioned in his inscrip- 
tion bear names identified by Mr. Boscawen as Kassite or 
Elamite. § Before the time of Abraham the Elamite con- 
* Chabas, Etudes, 2nd edit., p. 331. 
+ “ I have an impression that this maxim occurs earlier than any known 
version or tradition of the Ritual, either on a tomb of the Pyramid-period or 
in a very early papyrus .” — Note by Miss Amelia B. Edivards. 
t “ I doubt the intercession of Horus. Mr, Cooper has stated it but on 
no good grounds .” — Note by Dr. Birch, 
§ T. S. B. A., iv. 132. 
