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8. The opinion that a great interval was interposed between 
the first and second stone ages was based on the alleged change 
of climate, as evidenced by the presence of such animals as the 
reindeer in the palaeolithic caves and gravels, on the disap- 
pearance of such animals as the reindeer, the cave-bear, the 
cave-hyaena, &c., and the introduction of a new fauna, and on 
the changes which have occurred in the coast lines and the 
interior lines of drainage. But it is now admitted that the 
reindeer was found in Germany in the time of Caesar (Gave 
Hunting, by Prof. Dawkins, p. 73) ; the cave-lion, cave-hyaena, 
and cave-bear are recognized as belonging to existing species ; 
and it is well known that the coasts of Sweden, Denmark, and 
Norway have been elevated from 200 to 600 feet since the 
waters of the adjacent seas acquired their present milder tem- 
perature — that is, since the close of the glacial epoch, which 
(having said so much by way of preliminary about the peat), 
as I shall now proceed to show, corresponded in Scotland and 
Scandinavia with the inauguration of the neolithic age, and the 
elucidation of which point is the special aim which I have in 
view in the preparation of this paper. 
9. If I can show that the glacial epoch came down to the 
date of Robenhausen and the Danish shell-mounds, I shall 
have brought that mysterious geological episode within the 
well-defined limits of chronology, and shall dispel the illusion 
of the 800,000 years given by Sir C. Lyell, in the tenth edition 
of his Principles, or the 200,000 years given in the last edition 
of that great work, as the date for the retirement of the ice 
sheet. 
10. We are told by Sir C. Lyell and other writers on the 
subject that there are no traces of the palaeolithic age in the 
North of Europe — that is to say, in the north of England, in 
Scotland, in Norway, Denmark, and Sweden. In these 
countries the earliest traces of man belong in evei’y instance to 
the neolithic or polished stone age; nor, excepting a few 
cases in Scotland, and one or two in Ireland, have the remains 
of the mammoth or rhinoceros been found in these countries. 
We find thousands of stone implements of the second stone 
age, and innumerable bones of the fauna of the second stone 
age, but we never meet with any of the palaeolithic tools and 
weapons, and only occasionally, in the Scotch glacial deposits, 
and in one or two of the caves of Ireland, with the remains of 
the great extinct animals. :c It has been estimated,” says Sir 
C. Lyell, “ that the number of flint implements of the palaeo- 
lithic type already found in northern France and southern 
England, exclusive of flakes, is not less than 3,000. No 
