115 
In the shell-mounds the fauna implies a date rather more 
recent than that of the lake-dwellings. 
15. If we desire specific figures, the archasologists have 
undertaken to give them to us. The calculation of M. Morlot, 
based on the position of the relics found in the gravel cone at 
the mouth of the Tiniere, and accepted by Sir John Lubbock, 
mentions 6,400 years as the time which has probably elapsed 
since the stone age was in progress at that point. M. De 
Ferry estimates the date to have been from 4,000 to 5,000 
years ago. M. Arcelin fixes it at between 3,600 and 6,700 
years ago. Professor Worsaae, in his Primeval Antiquities of 
Denmark , thinks it was, perhaps, some 3,000 years ago. 
16. It is very certain that the more advanced races in Italy 
were at this time in the possession of the metals. We know 
this because we find bronze, and glass, and Mediterranean 
wheat at the oldest of the lake- dwellings. 
17. It would in my judgment be a liberal estimate to allow 
4,000 years as the lapse of time since the foundation of Roben- 
liausen and Meilen ; and that is ( approximately ) the date of the 
close of the glacial epoch in Scandinavia and, Scotland. 
18. When the ice-line shut out man from the countries under 
consideration, pakeolithic man, along with the mammoth, and 
the cave-beai-, and the reindeer, lived in the south of England, 
in France, and in Germany. The glacial conditions had ter- 
minated in this southerly region, but still continued in Deu- 
niaivk and north of about 54° latitude in England. Palaeolithic 
man was thus post-glacial as regards the region which he in- 
habited, but lived during the continuance of the glacial epoch 
in the north. The closing storm of the quaternary period 
terminated the glacial epoch in the north, and was charac- 
terized in the non-glaciated region to the south by the palceo- 
lithic flood, by which southern England and the northern 
part of the continent were submerged at least several hundred 
feet. After this Ave find at least very rare traces of the mam- 
moth (although the reindeer still lingered until the beginning 
of our era), and we enter upon the inauguration of the polished 
stone age — man advancing into Scotland and Scandinavia. 
19. The transportation of erratics continued in Sweden 
down to a yet later date. Sir Charles Lyell observed near 
Upsala a ridge of stratified sand and gravel, containing a 
layer of marl evidently formed at the bottom of the Baltic by 
the slow growth of the mussel, cockle, and other marine 
species, all of which were of dwarfish size, like those now in- 
habiting the brackish waters of this sea. These dwarfish 
shells are not found in the North Sea, nor are they found in the 
