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tlie worked horns of the reindeer. These, we are told, with 
needles of bone aud objects manufactured of nephrite were 
found “in the glacial clay.” The palaeolithic hunters had 
advanced up to the margin of the ice ; they left their relics, 
mingled with the remains of Arctic plants, to be buried 
beneath the glacial clays. The date of this occupation was, 
no doubt, just prior to the melting of the Alpine glacier. 
When that occurred, those who succeeded them advanced into 
the now habitable valleys of the Swiss mountains, and con- 
structed their pile-villages in the lakes. The settlers at 
Schussenried had come, as we may suppose, from Asia, and 
had either brought with them the objects of “nephrite” 
which (as in the cave of Chaleux, in Belgium) were found 
among their relics, or they had obtained them by barter from 
other wanderers from the region of Turkestan or the yet more 
distant shores of the Lake of Baikal. This nephrite is found 
nowhere in Europe, and its presence at Schussenried and 
Chaleux proves conclusively that the cave-men of Europe had 
relations with, the Turanian tribes of Central Asia. We find 
it again, in numerous instances, in the stone age lake-dwell 
-ings, showing that the lake-dwellers also had wandered origin- 
ally from the same distant homes. Is it likely that this traffic 
between Europe and the Orient existed 100,000 years ago ? 
23. There is a cave on the northern frontier of Switzerland, 
near Schaffhausen, which bears the same aspect as Schussen- 
ried, and where palaeolithic man seems, as it were, to hover 
on the confines of the neolithic age. I refer to the Kesslei'loch. 
It was here that was obtained, mingled with the bones of the 
mammoth, musk-ox, reindeer, glutton, lion, &c., that beautiful 
drawing of the browsing reindeer which is given in M. 
Conrad Merk's work on the excavations which he conducted 
at this point ; and here the same explorer obtained from the 
same palaeolithic beds the bones of the tame ox, the tame pig, 
and probably the dog. The remains of the dog were also 
obtained at the neighbouring cavern of Freundenthal, while 
“ a good deal of pottery,” we are told, was found in the cave 
near Herblingen, in the same region. At Yeyriei’, on the 
shores of the lake of Geneva, another paleolithic cave, we 
observe the absence of the mammoth and rhinoceros, and the 
presence of the domesticated ox. The fauna is, however, 
as at the Kesslerloch and Schussenried, an Arctic fauna. It 
consisted of the reindeer, horse, ox, hog, stag, chamois, 
marmot, Alpine bear, wolf, &c. 
24. These caves indicate that in Central Europe palaeolithic 
man stood outside of this glaciated area of the Alps, advancing 
