120 
lion) have been found in neolithic caves in Spain, while the 
lion was still found in Europe after the Christian era. The 
reindeer, the great Irish elk, the Norway elk, the urus, and the 
aurochs survived to historic times. 
32. The animals of the African continent also had access 
to the European continent at or just before the date of the 
palaeolithic age, as those of Asia had access to America at 
Behring’s Straits, which communication has since been in- 
terrupted. 
33. So that the fact, therefore, remains, that Neolithic Man 
was the first who was able to penetrate into Denmark and the 
North of England, Paleolithic Man having lived previously 
up to that line. It is admitted by both parties that the Ice 
was the barrier to paleolithic man. "Which is most probable, 
that man advanced at once, as soon as the ice retired, or that 
he waited, restrained by some inexplicable cause, tens of 
thousands of years after it had retired, before he made that 
advance ? I contend that the ice was in these regions down 
to the neolithic age ; the advocates of the antiquity of man 
contend that it disappeared 100,000 years ago. On this latter 
theory, what prevented man from advancing ? It is to be re- 
membered that the men of the so-called Reindeer Age were 
extremely intelligent savages, and even if they were suddenly 
destroyed or driven to another continent, it is not credible 
that they had no successors in Europe for nearly a hundred 
thousand years. This would be a missing link in human life 
indeed. 
34. Now these remarks do not imply that there was no line 
of demarcation between the palaeolithic and neolithic ages; 
there is a very distinct line. There were great disturbances 
at this time, not only in Europe, but in America and in India 
and Siberia. The loess deposit in the river-valleys of the 
United States and Europe testifies to this, as does the sudden 
destruction by some great flood of the mammoth in Siberia. 
Perhaps there was a great deal of rain in Europe, incident to 
the breaking up of the glacier in the North. It may have 
been these continued rains which led to the destruction of the 
mammoth in Europe, and even man may have been temporarily 
driven from the continent. I only contend that there was no 
great lapse of time — ninety or a hundred thousand years. The 
destruction of the mammoth in Siberia and the preservation 
of his remains show that whatever occurred, occurred quickly ; 
there were great forces at work, and the action was violent 
and paroxysmal. The same indications, as already observed, 
are given by the volume of tho loess and the gravel in Europe 
and America. 
