129 
But, supposing this to be the act, in that case we have still to deal with 
the Bone-Caves of the so-called Palaeolithic Age, which occur all over Central 
ties. But in Europe they (are always, I believe, found (1) in the river- 
valleys, or associated in some way with the floods of the Post-glacial epoch. 
They are always associated also with beds of sa7id, generally beneath such a 
deposit. 2. They are always of flint (in a few instances, perhaps, of chert), 
and have been washed from the beds of chalk which are found in the Somme 
Valley, at Hoxne, at Bury St. Edmund’s, at Brandon, at Herne Bay, at 
Reculvers, at Fimber, at Fisherton, &c. 3. The specimens which are offered 
as spear-heads, axes, &c., have been selected from hundreds of other fractured 
or worn flints, admittedly of non-artificial origin, and which pass insensibly 
into the more perfect forms. 4. No other implement or utensil has ever been 
found with these rude flints. If man left these implements in the river- 
valleys, every other trace of him has perished ; there are no implements of 
bone, horn, ivory, wood, no trace of pottery, charcoal, clothing, ornaments, 
pigments, nor any of those relics, other than stone, which abound in the 
caves. 
In precisely the same geological position similar implements have been 
found in old river-beds in India ; the only difference being that the material 
here is quartzite instead of flint. 
In the valley of the Delaware, United States, in the same geological posi- 
tion, similar forms of a stone called argillite have been recently found. Here, 
as in Europe, the chipped pebbles occur in great numbers, more or less nearly 
approached in form to the accepted specimens, which accepted specimens are 
culled out as the artificially-formed ones from hundreds of inferior specimens 
admitted to be mere natural forms. 
In the (Jpper Mississippi Valley, near the Falls of St. Anthony, in Min- 
nesota, Prof. Winchell has found in the past three years, in a Pre-glacial 
deposit, certain chipped fragments of quartz and chert, some of which have 
been pronounced to be “ unquestionably” of artificial origin. These imple- 
ments, however, “ vary in thickness, from that of paper, and the size of one’s 
finger-nail, to one and two inches across, of irregular angular forms ” ; and 
out of “ three quarts ” of these chips gathered, there were only “ eight ” speci- 
mens “ that could be thought to have a designed form.” It is also stated 
that in one instance, near the mouth of Little Elk river, “ the veins of white 
quartz from which these chips were originally derived, were observed to split 
into angular pieces similar to those taken from the surface sand of the plain, 
under the action of moisture and frost.” ( Geological and Natural History 
Survey of Minnesota, 1877, p. 57.) 
Innumerable fragments of broken flint are found, according to M. Zittel, 
in the Libyan Desert, which, as he remarked at the Stockholm Congress of 
Archaeologists in 1874, have been fractured under the action of the sun. A 
certain proportion of these specimens appeared to him (in which opinion M. 
Desor concurred) to have been shaped by the hand of man. 
There is one other remarkable locality where fractured stones occur 
ha great numbers, some of the fragments closely resembling the so-called 
palaeolithic flints from the river-gravels of Europe. In the volume of 
Hayden’s Geological Survey of the Territories ( U.S.A .) for 1872, there 
is a paper by Prof. Joseph Leidy, giving an account of the “ Remains 
of Primitive Art in the Bridger Basin of Southern Wyoming,” at 
the base of the Uintah Mountains. The flat-topped hills or terraces occur- 
ring in this basin are familiarly known as buttes, many of which are covered 
with drift materials, partly from the Uintah Mountains, and partly composed 
of the harder materials from the terraces themselves. The mountains have 
furnished materials of sandstone and quartzite, while the buttes have contri- 
