131 
stone as interchangeable and equivalent to one another, I object to the appli- 
cation of the terra “ neolithic ” to this period. When we descend to a later 
period — that of the Lake-Dwellings— we encounter at once the polished 
implements, as we do in the peat-bogs of Denmark and in the carses of 
Scotland. 
The faunas, too, in the two cases are entirely different : in the oldest bone- 
caves of France, England, Germany, the fauna consists of the mammoth, the 
rhinoceros tichorinus, the cave-lion, the cave-bear, the reindeer, the musk-o , 
the urus, the aurochs, the horse, &c. ; in Denmark, and Scotland, and 
Sweden, the fauna associated with the earliest remains of man consists of 
urus, aurochs, red-deer, brown bear, sheep, tame ox, wild boar, fox, dog, &c., 
the same as the fauna which occurs in the peat of the Somme Valley and in 
the Swiss lake-dwellings.* 
It may be said that the bones of the mammoth have been found in Scot- 
land : this is true ; but they have been found in the Glacial formation deno- 
minated the till, showing that the animal penetrated into this region in the 
midst of the Ice Age — wandered off occasionally, no doubt, from the more 
genial regions farther south, where he existed at that time as the contem- 
porary of man. It was probably only an occasional straggler that crossed 
this inhospitable line ; and it is possible, as I intimated in my paper, that 
man may have done the same thing. But this was the exception, not the 
rule ; all that I meant to insist on was, that in general the ice and the snow 
in these northerly regions constituted a barrier to the men and to the animals 
who left their remains in such caverns as Moustier, La Madelaine, Chaleux, 
Kent’s Hole, and the Kesslerloch, and to point out that we find that barrier 
removed in the Polished Stone Age. 
Mr. Callard remarks that he would hesitate to believe that the palaeolithic 
flood can have been as recent as I represent it, because that flood must have 
occurred at a time when the Straits of Dover were not in existence. I am 
not sure that the palaeolithic flood was not subsequent to the formation of 
these straits, but, waiving this, I would observe that an elevation of the sea- 
bottom some 150 feet would, unite England with France at this point ; and 
I would farther call attention to the fact that the dwarfish shells of the 
mussel, cockle, and other marine species, occur on a raised beach at Upsala, 
in Sweden, 100 feet above the sea ; and at Linde, 130 miles west of Stock- 
holm, they are found at a height of 230 feet above the sea. The significance 
of this fact is this, that these shells were deposited in their present positions 
since the date of the Danish shell-mounds, where the marine shells are much 
larger. The mussel, and the other species represented in the Kjokken- 
moddings, were much ’larger than they occur now in the waters of the 
Baltic, because these waters were at that time much more salt than they 
have been since the broad channel was closed which formerly connected 
* The remains of the reindeer are found occasionally in the peat-bogs and 
in neolithic caves, but it is a rare occurrence ; during the “ Reindeeer epoch 
the animal seems to have abounded all over Central and Western Europe. 
