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At the same time the clay under which the hone was dis- 
covered was decided by the explorer to he glacial clay. 
If these two decisions had proved correct, the contemporaneity 
of man with the extinct mammals was put beyond question, and 
equally so the antiquity of the man to whom the bone belonged. 
It was not a flint implement this time, which might admit of 
some doubt, nor even a bone needle, but a supposed part of the 
man himself, that was now found with woolly rhinoceros and 
mammoth. 
A report was read upon the subject by Mr. Tiddeman, at the 
British Association meeting at Belfast, in 1874 ; and from that 
time it was generally accepted as a settled truth that man had 
lived before the great Ice age in association with the extinct 
mammals whose remains were found in this bone-bed. 
In the autumn of 1876 I visited the cavern in company with 
Mr. Jackson and a gentleman connected with the Leeds press. 
Mr. Jackson it was who commenced the exploration when the 
entrance to the cave was first discovered ; he was also thoroughly 
acquainted with its subsequent working. We were indebted to 
his kindness for much valuable information. 
One thing led me to doubt the glacier having deposited the 
clay after the bone in question had been left there, — it was the 
laminated condition of the clay. The model on the table shows 
a section of the deposits at the entrance of the cavern. The 
bone was at this spot ( pointing to the model) with laminated 
clay both below and above it ; and next you will observe two 
strata of stalagmite. The lamination appeared to me to imply 
an intermittent deposit, the result of a succession of wet and 
dry seasons, whilst the stalagmite gave evidence of other and 
greater dividing periods, — a condition of things which I should 
not expect to find with glacial clay in situ. 
At my suggestion our party of three climbed to the top of the 
limestone rock that overhung the entrance to the cavern, from 
which spot we saw that the hill sloped up full 300 feet more, 
and on this sloping plateau we found several stranded boulders 
that had travelled on the ice from other elevations. Where the 
boulders were, there, doubtless, the boulder clay had been ; and 
I thought that I now saw the explanation of the laminated 
clay below. 
If, instead of the glacier having left the boulder clay at the 
mouth of the cavern, the glacier had come up higher (which 
the boulders at the top proved that it did) and had deposited 
the clay upon the sloping plateau above, the winter rains dis- 
turbing the clay would carry in suspension portions of it from 
time to time over the precipice, which drying after the water 
subsided, would produce the laminee observed, and this would 
