235 
“ a low savage,” liis art did not extend, as far as we know, beyond the skill 
to fashion the rudest implements ; this is borne out by the Cresswell Caves : 
the red sand contains no trace of a higher civilization than that represented 
by those rude quartzite implements which you see before you,— mere pebbles 
fractured in the roughest possible manner, — implements, the nearest approach 
to which elsewhere is found in those of the old river gravels of the Somme or 
the Ouse, or in the rough tools of the Moustier cavern, or of the lower stratum 
of Kent’s Hole, or of the Trou de PEglise at Excideuil, which latter cave has 
yielded evidence very similar in character to that of Cresswell. The bed con- 
taining these implements has yielded no trace of higher art than this ; it is 
not till we reach the overlying cave earth that we get evidence of the use of 
flint, and then at first the chipped flints are as rude in form as the quartzites ; 
higher up we meet with the more elaborate forms such as those lance-heads of 
well-known Solutr6 type, and with these, and at no lower level, we obtain 
the worked bones and the engraved figure of the horse of Madeleine character. 
Similar flints occurred in the breccia in conjunction with the Pleistocene 
mammalia. As yet there is no evidence of the existence of Neolithic man, nor 
of the modern fauna of Europe, far less of the Roman occupation. We have 
no evidence whatever in these caves of the presence of the men of the Neo- 
lithic race, who used such highly-finished or polished implements as these 
exhibited, which are recognised types of their class. As to the Roman remains, 
the pottery and the bronze fibulm in the surface soil, these, as far as one can 
judge, belong to a period as late as that of the withdrawal of the Roman 
legions, when the more or less civilized Britons were driven to the caves by 
the invading hordes which then overran the country. 
Just as there is no trace of this late art, or of the recent domestic fauna, 
in the lower beds of the caves, neither is there any real proof of the existence 
of the Pleistocene fauna in conjunction with Roman or even Neolithic 
remains of man. Mr. Callard has alluded to a passage in my first paper, in 
which it is true that I have said that in the surface layer of the Robin Hood 
Cave some teeth of rhinoceros and of hyaena were found, as well as some flints ; 
and a little lower down I have stated that Roman pottery was also found in 
the upper part of the floor of this cavern. These Roman remains were 
found in a small inner chamber in the surface-soil, together with recent 
bones, but without any trace of Pleistocene animals. As to the teeth, these 
were found near the entrance of the cave, and the search made at that time 
consisted merely of a small test-hole rapidly and not very carefully made. 
My first paper must be checked by the more careful work recorded in the 
subsequent ones. The red sand was found capped by cave- earth, and there 
is little doubt that the teeth really belonged to that ; but, any way, it is 
utterly impossible to obtain any chronological data of even the slightest 
value from things found in the few inches of surface-soil in a cavern that has 
been frequented for years by innumerable visitors. Roman and other remains 
prove the existence of their former owners, but under circumstances totally 
precluding the possibility of saying whether or no they were contemporaries 
unless we have independent proof ; and to say that because a rhinoceros 
