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Mr. Mello. — All the Cresswell implements were Paleolithic. 
Mr. Callard. — Y ou showed us or referred to certain specimens of bone 
implements-. 
Mr. Mello. — You get a similar form in the breccia, which I think is 
identical with the others. 
Mr. Cali.ard. — My poiut is established if the breccia was found above 
the implements, and the extinct mammalia in the breccia, which shows that 
the extinct mammalia must have lived after the men who made those 
implements. 
Mr. Mello. — With them. We got them in the breccia in a part of the 
same deposit. 
Mr. CallxVrd. — Professor Boyd Dawkins is rather particular in calling 
attention to the stalagmite above, and the remains below. He says, in his 
paper at the Conference of May 22, 1877, after describing the bone 
awls, needles, sketch of horse’s head, and associated mammalian remains of 
the cave-earth, “ above the strata containing these remains was a layer of 
stalagmite, ranging from 1 foot to a few inches in thickness.” The breccia 
is equivalent to the upper cave-earth, and the upper cave-earth will always 
be found to come above those implements that have been mentioned. If it 
be not so, I shall be happy to withdraw this part of my paper. Does 
Mr. Mello say that these implements are never found below the breccia 
in which the extinct mammalia are found ? 
Mr. Mello. — Some are and some are not. 
Mr. Callard. — If any of them are, my point is gained, namely, that 
some men lived with and some before that mammalia, and made these bone 
implements. 
Mr. Mello. — The same man lived during the breccia period and the 
cave-earth period. We had on the left-hand side the cave-earth on which 
the breccia had been gradually thickening, and on the other side the cave- 
earth and no breccia, the cave-earth being three times as thick as it was 
underneath the breccia. 
Mr. Callard. — Do you claim for the implements so found that they are 
Palaeolithic ? 
Mr. Mello. — Yes ; they are Palaeolithic. 
Mr. Callard. — That is where I differ from Mr. Mello. Sir John Lubbock, 
when dividing these periods, speaks of the first, or Palaeolithic, age as that of 
the drift when men shared Europe with the mammoth, and so on ; and when 
we come to the Neolithic age it is one characterised by beautiful weapons and 
instruments, made of flint and other kinds of stone, in which we find no trace 
of any metal except gold. Mr. Alfred Wallace, at the geological section of the 
British Association in Glasgow, in 1870, traces the periods the other way, and 
says, “ as we go back, metals soon disappear, and we find only tools of stone 
and bone. The stone weapons got ruder and ruder ; pottery and then the 
bone implements cease to occur ; and in the earlier stage wo find only 
chipped flints of rude design.” Now, if these definitions are accepted, 
then these chipped flints of rude design belong to the period of 
