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In France the land was still more lowered, and received 
from lake and sea more mud and sand, and therefore deeper, 
wider beds there represent the time when a less number 
of the very same life-forms prevailed than afterwards. These 
beds were hence called Miocene, and in them it has been said 
that evidence of man's handiwork has been found. 
Next came the Pliocene ; in which we place the Crag, 
marine deposits of shingle, sand, and shells, found in our 
eastern counties ; and on the Continent made up of various 
kinds of beds, but all containing more of the forms of life that 
now exist, and hence the name. In this, too, evidence of 
man’s art is seen by some in rude drilled bones and teeth, 
such as are strung by savages for ornament. 
After that followed a time, when from the great upheaving 
of the land the snow lay thick on all the northern heights of 
Europe, and glaciers crept down into the sea, and icebergs, 
with earth and stone fallen from crag or picked up on the 
shore, floated far south, melted and dropped their load. We 
need not now discuss the probability that then there might 
have been such combinations in the heavens as would intensify 
the extremes of heat and cold at either pole. This is a fair 
field of inquiry, and if we could obtain some means for cori’e- 
lating marked periods on the earth with cosmical events, then 
we might hope to arrive at some more accurate chronology ; 
but wo havo too many unknown quantities to solve this 
problem with the data yet before us. Such questions we pass 
by, and only note that we had once within the later times such 
cold that frost held fast our northern shores, and ice came 
down in glaciers from the heights. When, later on, the 
land began to rise from underneath the sea, and the high 
ranges sank, and a more uniform temperature prevailed over 
all north-western Europe, the ice fell back, and could not gain 
in winter what it lost under the summer’s sun. Then the 
streams, filled with melted snow and heavy rain, came down in 
floods over all the lower plains. The wandering animals, and 
even man, were often caught by the sudden rise of rivers 
winding about across the widening valleys, and their remains 
were buried in the mass of debris carried down. As timo 
went on, the rivers, finding their way to lower levels, cut back 
waterfall and rapid to the hills, and left, now here now there, 
a terrace as a mark wliero once in ancient days the stream had 
run ; and throughout all these later ages it is said that man 
was there, holding his own among fierco beasts, in forests and 
in caves along the river banks and rocky shore. 
Now we will criticise the evidence adduced of man’s exist- 
ence at these different times, and, having satisfied ourselves 
