322 
and these, because in great part made up of the older beds, 
are like them, and require experience to distinguish. In these 
old terrace deposits implements of man’s undoubted work have 
long been found ; but recently it has been said that some of 
these beds belong to the older series.* This, then, becomes a 
matter of opinion. For my part, being well acquainted with 
the deposits in question, and having listened to the evidence, 
I give my testimony quite against the glacial or the inter- 
glacial age of any of the beds from which the hatchets came. 
It is, however, said that other evidence has since been found, 
conclusive as to this. I can but criticise that which has been 
adduced ; but I will say that if such has been found and been 
so long withheld, while there are so many deeply interested, 
and so many who would like to verify at once and on the 
ground the statements made, then I do hold that there has 
not been shown that love of full investigation which is the 
soul of science. 
Upon the screen I give diagi’ammatic views of some of the 
sections showing the newer beds in which the implements were 
found, and older middle glacial, from which their relative posi- 
tion may be seen. These I have more fully described elsewhere. f 
In many countries where rocks of limestone tower in cliffs 
and crags above the valleys, and are tapped below by under- 
mining streams, the rain which falls upon the higher ground 
is lost in cracks and joints, and carries off the rock dissolved 
in water, which contains a little acid caught by the falling 
rain or drawn from decomposing plants. The fissures thus 
enlarged into the gaping chasms called “ swallows’ holes,” the 
“ katabothra ” of the Greeks, admit a copious torrent, carrying 
stones and sand which grind and bruise and open out the jointed 
rock into great caves and subterranean courses. These, when 
tapped at lower levels, are soon left dry, and offer to pi’owling 
beasts of prey a safe retreat, and often man availed himself of 
them, as testify the Adullamites and Troglodytes of every age. 
From such a cave up in the crags of Craven some evidence 
is adduced that man existed far back into glacial times, and 
this, perhaps, is the best case that has been urged. J There a 
large group of animals, such as occur elsewhere along with man, 
and more doubtfully traces of man himself, were found in beds 
overlapped by glacial clay which had scaled up the mouth of the 
vast den in which these relics lay. This excavation I have 
watched myself at intervals from the commencement, and 1 hold 
* Mem. Geol . Surv. Geology of Fcnland. 
t Journ. Anthro. Inst. vol. vii. November, 1877, p. 102. 
J Tiddeman, Brit. Assoc. Reports , 1870-8. 
