88 
found at San ; and on a spliinx in the Louvre (afterwards 
dedicated by Meneptah of the XIXth dynasty) ; and it has 
been read by Mariette on the magnificent sphinxes of San, 
unearthed by that great explorer, which bear the features of 
the Hyksos king himself. 
But almost more interesting is the fragmentary papyrus 
which yields the tantalizing scraps of transactions between 
Apapi and the patriot native governor Ba-sekenen,* * * § who 
began the war of liberation afterwards brought to a triumphant 
end by Aahmes, the founder of the great XVIIIth dynasty. 
The name Apapi, founded on that of the great evil serpent 
Apap, would seem like a sheer defiance of Egyptian religion. 
But, strange as it may appear, Brugsch tells us that “ many 
Egyptians living about the time of this king call themselves 
similarly Apopi, or Apopa."t 
It is much to be desired that further evidence be found as 
to the state of Egypt during the times of the Hyksos. But 
already the old impression that everything was overthrown 
and devastated by the conquerors has been very much modified. 
Having treated elsewhere at some length, the subject of 
Semitic influence in very early times in Lower Egypt, and the 
monumental relics of the Hyksos Pharaohs, I will not repeat 
what has been said before. 
The great history of Egypt from monumental evidence by 
Brugsch-Bey has now been given to English readers, J and 
should be carefully studied by all who would form a judgment 
on the questions before us. We are expecting with impatient 
hope his promised work, Bibel und Denkmaler," which may 
give us new light. 
As things now stand I cannot see anything which will not 
harmonize with the old opinion that the life of Joseph in 
Egypt fell under the rule of the latest Pharaoh of the XYIIth 
Hyksos dynasty. If this be true, it appears that the stern 
and careworn visage which looks out of the lion's mane of 
the sphinxes of San must be the face so familiar to Joseph. § 
The natural objection that the priest (or prince) of On 
would be the last person to whose daughter the Hyksos 
Pharaoh would ally his favourite minister in marriage, seems 
to fall away before the accumulating proofs that the alien 
rulers had become in the main thoroughly Egyptianized. One 
* Chabas, Les Pasteurs. Brugsch, Hist. I. 239. T.S.B.A. IV. 263. 
t Histoire d’Eg. I. 159. 
X Egypt under the Pharaohs. 2 vols. Murray, 1879. 
§ See the profile and front face in Studies on the Times of Abraham. 
