cup, which has been difficult to explain, Sir Gr. Wilkinson 
writes :* that “ grape-juice, or wine of the vineyard (one of 
the most delicious beverages of a hot climate, and one which 
is commonly used in Spain and other countries at the present 
day)” was among “ the most noted denominations introduced 
into the lists of offerings on the monuments.” 
The punishment of the “ chief-baker ” seems to have been 
decapitation, which was an Egyptian but not a Hebrew punish- 
ment,f followed by hanging of the body on a gibbet, as 
Amenhotep II. hung the bodies of some slain kings of 
Syria on his galley, and afterwards on the walls of a fortress. 
Joseph and the Pharaoh. 
The exaltation ot one of the Amu, or Asiatic foreigners, to 
be a great officer of state, might have taken place long before 
the Hyksos rule, as the interesting story of Saneha testifies. 
But of course it would be more likely under the eastern 
conquerors. “ The account in Holy Scripture of the elevation 
of Joseph under one of the Hyksos kings, of his life at their 
court, of the reception of his father and brothers in Egypt 
with all their belongings, is in complete accordance with the 
manners and customs, as also with the place and time.” Thus 
writes Brugsch,J than whom a more competent witness could 
not be called. 
The Hyksos domination had lasted (it seems) more than 
four centuries before the time of Joseph in Egypt. The ruling 
race received their name in Egypt from hak (or hik) a chief, 
and the well-known designation of the nomad hordes of Semitic 
neighbours of Egypt on the north-east, namely, the Shasu, or 
Shaua, or Shaus.§ 
It may be worth notice that the Canaanite of Aduliam, 
whose daughter, Judah, Joseph's eldest brother, had taken to 
wife, bore the name (Shua).|| LXX. 2aua, identical with 
Shaua, one form of the Shasu name. Moreover, one of Judah's 
sons by this wife was called Onan, p*)N which seems the same 
name as one reading, Anan, of the name of one of the 
Hyksos Pharaohs. 
By the time of Apapi, the fusion of interests and races and 
customs would have been much developed in lower Egypt, and 
* Anc. Eg ., III. 417. 
I Hist Eg., I. 264. 
jj Gen. xxxviii. 2 ; 1 Chron. ii. 3. 
t Ibid. I. 307. 
§ Ibid. 229. 
