93 
even the Egyptian Sallier Papyrus gives us to understand that 
he drew tribute from “ all the land,” the well-known expres- 
sion which occurs so often in the Scripture narrative; and that 
Ra-sekenen, the native Egyptian lord at Thebes, was “ only 
a hak,” not a Pharaoh. Thus the difficulty of believing that 
Apapi could have carried out such universal measures through 
the hands of Joseph seems to fade away, especially when the 
stress of famine is borne in mind. 
That the Pharaoh was not a mere despot and autocrat seems 
clear from the expression, “the thing was good in the eyes of 
Pharaoh, and in the eyes of all his servants,”* and the refer- 
ences to “the house of Pharaoh.” This agrees well with the 
Papyrus, where Apapi sends to Ra-sekenen “ a message which 
his secretaries had advised him.” 
Chariots and Horses. 
One notable addition to the force and pomp of Egypt we 
find since the days of Abraham. The Pharaoh has chariots, 
and horses are mentioned as belonging, not only to the courtf 
but to the people. J Now, previously to the Hyksos there is 
no more evidence of horses in the monuments than in the 
Scriptures ; but in two celebrated inscriptions of the very time 
now in question, in the tombs of El-kab,§ we find them men- 
tioned : — A young officer's duty was to accompany on foot the 
Pharaoh Aahmes when he rode in his chariot. 
This namesake of the king also captures a chariot of war 
and its horses in the “ land of Naharina,” during a campaign 
of Thotmes I. ; and another Aahmes, also seized for the same 
king “ahorse and a chariot of war” in the same country. 
Thus it appears that horses were introduced from the east into 
Egypt during the rule of the Hyksos. 
“ The greatest honour conferred on Joseph,” says Sir G. 
Wilkinson, || “was permission to ride in the second chariot 
which he (the king) had. This was a royal chariot, no one 
being allowed to appear in his own in the presence of majesty, 
except in battle.” 
The Pharaoh in Genesis uses the expression, If “ Can we find 
(such a one) as this (is), a man in whom the Spirit of God (is) ?” 
rm. Some light is thrown on such a phrase, from an 
Egyptian point of view, by Mr. Le Page Renouf s interesting 
# Gen. xlv. 2 ; xli. 37 ; 1. 4. 
X Gen. xlvii. 17. 
|| III. 443, note. 
f Gen. 1. 9. 
§ Brugsch, Hist.. I. 248, 251, 289. 
Gen. xli. 38. 
