96 
attention was tliat of kissing the hand before the master : “ Be 
seated, thy hand to thy mouth," as Pierret quotes from Pap. 
Sallier II * 
But Chabas supposes that the phrase indicates the elevation 
of Joseph to the dignity mentioned in an inscription of the 
XVIIIth dynasty by the title which he renders as “ grande 
Bouche Superieure dans le pays tout entier."f 
It cannot well be doubted that the cry of “ Abrek/ - ’ trans- 
lated “ bow the knee/' is the same word still addressed to the 
camel when he is to kneel. J 
The title translated “ Father to Pharaoh " § represents an 
Egyptian rank, “ Ab en Pi-rao," the head of Pharaoh's court. || 
The title in Gen. xlii. 6, “ the governor of all the land" is 
in Hebrew shallit, only here used in the Pentateuch 
(again in Ecclesiastes, and in Ezekiel and Daniel). It is the 
title borne by the first Hyksos king, whose name is given by 
Manetho, and inscribed on a statue found by Mariette at Tell- 
Mokdam, near Tanis : “ The good god, the star of both worlds, 
Set Sha(l)ti, beloved of Sutekh the lord of Avaris."1f 
It is a true Semitic word meaning “ ruler," and might well 
be delegated to his deputy by a Hyksos king, who himself 
assumed the Pharaonic style and titles. The symbol “ star," 
which, in the cuneiform character denoted “ god " (and so 
“ lord"), is particularly interesting,** and may well remind us 
of Balaam's prophecy, “ a star shall rise /' and of Joseph's 
dream, where sun and moon, and “ the eleven stars " render 
homage to his own star. 
We have seen an Egyptian name, Peteseph, attributed to 
Joseph. The Bible gives us the title of honour conferred on 
him by the Pharaoh. We will not repeat all the explanations 
of this. Mariette and Lenormant have noticed that Karnes, 
the Theban prince, whose son, the celebrated Aahmes, restored 
the native Egyptian monarchy, assumed the title Tsaf-en-to, 
exactly answering to Tsafnath in Hebrew, and which means 
“ Nourisher of the land." ft 
Brugsch JJ has explained the whole title as follows : — “Ac- 
cording to the indication of the monuments, the town of 
* Die. d’ Arch., 11 Bouche.” 
f XIX. dyn. 14. Yigouroux, La Bible , II. 104. 
X Chabas, Etudes, 412. § Gen. xlv. 8. || Brugsch, VExode, 18. 
Ebers, AEgypten, &c., 202. Meyer, Set-Typhon, 56. 
** Studies on the Times of Abraham. 
+t Yigouroux, La Bible, II. ii. 
££ j VExode, 17. For other views see Malan, Phil, or Truth, and Canon 
Cook. Sp. Bib., I. 480. 
