192 
(apart from the paleolithic epoch) into the three ages of stone, 
bronze, and iron, has little value ; and the discoveries of Dr. 
Schliemann at Hissarlik and Mykense have proved that stone 
was freely used for cutting implements in Greece and Asia 
Minor about 1,000 and even 700 years b.c. In each case 
this was in a town , and at Troy these rude implements were 
employed not only in association with the arts of civilisation, 
but under the very shadow of the Phoenician, Assyrian, and 
Hittite empires. It would not be strange, then, if the use of 
stone survived in Britain and Denmark down to, and after, 
the Christian era. 
The evidence for the remote date of the appearance of man 
in Europe rests, therefore, now exclusively on the remains 
found in the caves and in the river-gravels in association with 
the bones of extinct animals. Ten years ago — indeed five 
years ago — on the evidence of the stalagmitic floors which 
covered these remains, such men as Mr. Vivian and Mr. 
A. B. Wallace claimed for them an antiquity of 1,000,000 and 
500,000 years ; and 800,000 years was suggested on other 
grounds by Sir Charles Lyell prior to 1872. But even here 
the tendency now is to reduce these figures, and in fact 
some bring them down as low as 20,000, and even 10,000 
years. 
I have myself within the past few days received from 
Thomas Karr Callard, Esq., a member of this society, a piece 
of the tusk of a mammoth, part of a specimen sent to him 
from Archangel, and the ivory is in so fresh a condition that 
it has been shaped into a checker by an ivory turner. 
I spoke of 10,000 years : Dr. Winchell, Professor of Geology 
and Palaeontology in the University of Michigan, in his recent 
learned work entitled Pre-Adamites (the object of which is to 
show that the black and brown races originated in Tertiary 
time ”), after a careful examination of the question of “ the 
antiquity of the Stone Folk in Europe ” (the Palaeolithic race 
of Lubbock and Dawkins), comes to the conclusion that “ we 
do not discover valid grounds for assuming him [man] removed 
by a distance exceeding six to ten thousand years.” 
Prof. Winchell has, of course, no prepossession against the 
theory that the implements found in the gravel of the Somme 
Valley are 200,000 years old : on the contrary, he argues for 
the existence of a sunken continent in the Indian Ocean (the 
Mascarene continent of M. Milne-Edwards), where, as I have 
intimated, he believes the black man to have appeared on the 
earth during the Tertiary age ; and he also accepts the Pliocene 
Man of California. But, as a candid geologist, he feels com- 
pelled to refer the traces of man found in the river-gravels and 
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