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tile chase, skilfully opened for their marrow, may point to 
man as the maker and user of the implements found in these 
heaps of refuse ; and it may even happen that sometimes in 
the same place of deposit with the primitive implements of 
stone is found an indubitable relic of man himself, in a small 
fragment of the human skeleton. Yet in all these cases the 
implement itself, apai't from its accessories, is an argument 
for the presence of man. The implement certifies the man 
as really as the man certifies the implement. This no one 
would think of disputing; but I give emphasis to the 
unanimity of science on this point, because of its bearing 
upon the primitive differentia of man as a species. "We say, 
If man was indeed contemporary with these wild denizens of 
the caves, then these are the weapons with which he slew 
them, the implements with which he prepared them for his 
food ; and the finding of the implements imbedded with the 
animal remains is evidence that man was contemporary with 
such animals. 
If we go back to the river- drift gravels, as, for instance, 
in the valley of the Somme, where we have no trace of human 
habitations or other works, and perhaps no authentic speci- 
men of a human bone, but simply compare one stone with 
another, we say, again : Man was here at the remote period 
of this formation ; for these flints are shapen, adapted to a 
use, and are no longer stones, but implements. "We may 
raise the question whether the findings are genuine or 
forgeries, whether “ the flint implements are of the same 
age as the beds in which they are found,” or have come 
there by accident, or have sifted down from some later 
deposit ; but if they are genuine, and of the same age with 
the drift, we hold them for conclusive proof that man was 
there in that age. 
But in making this decision, do we not unconsciously 
impose upon ourselves with the tacit presumption that only 
man is capable of making and using an implement ? Science 
cannot admit a presumption, except as a tentative hypothesis ; 
she must rest all her conclusions on the known basis of fact. 
But that only man is capable of making an implement is a 
fact of observation and experience, and not merely a pre- 
sumption a priori from something in the nature of man. 
Such a presumption is, indeed, valid as against physical 
nature. Wherever we perceive adaptation to an end we do 
immediately ascribe such adaptation, or the thing so adapted, 
to an intelligent purpose. Whether this reference of adapta- 
tion to intelligence is intuitive, or the result of cumulative 
experience, this is not the place to argue. Suffice it to say. 
