48 
of nature ? Professor Hughes, says, “ In the implement which I say 
is the work of man I find that blows have been delivered all round the edge, 
with the evident and definite design of producing this form ’’ ; that is, the 
chipping to which reference is made early in this paper as “secondary 
chipping.” Professor Hughes, leads us to this conclusion, that if there 
be no secondary ehipping we have no evidence of an implement ; but that 
it there be secondary chipping, we have an implement. Tbe specimens 
before us are without secondary chipping. Dr. Evans says of the Broom Pit 
implements, “In form they closely resemble the ordinary types from the 
valley of the Somme.” But if the types from the Somme Valley are 
not more like implements than these, they will not carry conviction 
to my mind. Their being fractured does not prove the presence of 
man. I have two fractured flints, which I brought from the Somme 
Valley. Of these Professor Hughes says, “With regard to the shattered 
flints, all flints of this kind are shattered by surface action, — the action 
of changes of temperature due to frost and sun.” If frost and sun 
shattered these, may not frost and sun have shattered some of those on the 
table before us ? Then, if you are to take the outward form, I have a 
flint, accepted as an implement by Mr. John Evans, and also one of 
precisely the same form, not yet removed from its matrix, and which cannot, 
therefore, be of human workmanship. If, then, the form does not determine 
it, and the fractures do not determine it (for we are told that ice, frost, and 
sun will account for these), we must be careful how we arrive at the con- 
clusion that this, that, or the other is really a human implement. I should 
like to ask Dr. Colan whether the workmanship of the implements of the 
Esquimaux was not much more like human workmanship than that in those 
we see before us, — whether the flint arrow-heads of the Esquimaux had not a 
tang or some mode of attachment to the shaft, by which one could recog- 
nise them as of human workmanship more readily than one can those on the 
table ? 
Dr. CoLAN.-*-I would mention that the implements I have in my possession 
are very small. They are merely the heads of arrows, such as toxopholites 
use, and are of the ordinary arrow shape ; they could be fastened on to a 
shaft. Another stone implement, about the size of two or three bodkins put 
together, appears to be a needle or bodkin which carried “dried gut” as 
thread, in the stitching of seal skins, and other articles. The arrow-heads are 
very small in comparison with any of those flints now on the table, and very 
much more like the work of man. 
Mr. Callaud. — It is my conviction that any implement which is an unques- 
tionable implement, such as that used by the Esquimaux, can be recognised at 
once, and there can be no doubt about it ; but, when I look at the flints on 
the table, there is a considerable amount of doubt in my mind as to accepting 
theraas human implements without any collateral evidence whatever, but 
simply on account of their forms. If we ask why we should accept certain 
forms as of human origin, we are told they are like the stone implements 
used by other and barbarous nations, some of whom continue to use them at 
