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need be said. There must have been new creations, and evolution, so far 
as its continuity through all time is concerned, is non-existent ; but till we 
are thus met we must hold our judgment in suspense. Mr. Callard 
apparently tells us that the question is settled— that Professor Birks has 
corroborated the view that the cold of both hemispheres was simultaneous. 
What say the leading physicists to this ? If it is still open to question, then 
there are other facts we have to take into consideration, which seem, at any 
rate, to show that all terrestrial existence may not have been so absolutely 
broken off by the Glacial period. There were some species of animals living 
before the great cold set in which were still found living when it had 
passed away ; or may we not say even during its continuance, for it has been 
shown that the Glacial period itself had its breaks, and in the inter-glacial de- 
posits the remains of a fauna and flora are found. Amongst the animals which 
lived both before and after were the Hippopotamus, an animal as old as the 
PJeiocene age, and another — the formidable Carnivore (Machairodus latidens), 
also of the Pleiocene species, was apparently living after the culmination of 
the Glacial period. Elephas antiquus (the Mammoth), and Khinoceros 
{Megarhinus) lived both before and after the refrigeration, and what is thus 
true of these animals is true also of many others. A priori, it seems hardly 
likely that there should have been a new creation of identical species ; the 
theory of migration seems more probable. The most remarkable break in 
continuity would appear to be rather between the epoch of paloeolithic and 
that of neolithic man, when the existing fauna made their first appearance in 
Europe ; but even then there were survivals from that of the pleistocene, 
or, if not survivals, then new creations of identical species. Thus an allowed 
break in the continuity of life may have occurred in any given area, but yet 
that area may have been repopulated, not by new creations, but by the 
gradual immigration of species, some of which previously occupied it, whilst 
others which had not as yet appeared there, but may have been their 
contemporaries in more distant countries — probably to the south and east — 
pushed their way forward to the north as the climate permitted. This 
appears to me to be more probable than to suppose a new creation of 
species for each district after the passing away of the great cold of the 
Glacial times ; and I think, too, that the present distribution of both the 
testacea and the flora of North-western Europe points in the same direction. 
Therefore, for the establishment of Mr. CaUard’s views, we must ask for a 
general admission on the part of those scientific authorities who have the 
means of verifying the facts, that the glaciation must have been both 
simultaneous and universal. This admission I do not think we have at 
present. 
The following communication from the Rev. E. Duke, M.A., F.G.S., was 
also received : — 
Lake House, Salisbury, Feb.^Z, 1882. 
Mr. Callard has treated his subject clearly and satisfactorily. His line 
of argument is one good proof, among many others, of the unsoundness of 
the evolution theory. The truth, I am convinced, is that, though the 
Creator has worked in all ages after the manner of evolution, the successive 
species of animal and vegetable life have been created, and not evolved or 
transmuted. 
The resemblance to evolution is close enough to afford scientific men who 
hold these views an apparent ground for their ingenious theory, and too 
close to enable ordinary readers to see readily how to refute them. Hence a 
paper like Mr. Callaid’s is very valuable. 
