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into their heads to lift up the two side toes so that they should 
not he used. Why this was so we are uot told. This is to 
be lamented; because it would have been a source of satisfac- 
tion to know what circumstances induced all these creatures 
to have simultaneously commenced^ and to have continued 
through untold ages, the very extraordinary procedure ! 
And yet so it must have been, if the assertion of the evolu- 
tionist be true. 
Let us take one more example; and this is, perhaps, the 
most extraordinary. We are told that the presence of the 
rudimentary mamma on the breast of the males of the class 
Mammalia is a proof positive that they have been evolved 
from animals which had them fully developed. 
Well, of course they have; for every male has descended 
from his mother ! 
But this is not what the evolutionists require us to believe. 
They say the presence of these rudimentary organs is a proof 
that the males once had these organs fully developed, but by 
disuse they have become degraded. In other words, there 
was a time when the males suckled the young. Then, of 
course, as the mammary glands and the mamma could only 
have become rudimentary by disuse, there came a tim'e when 
the males declined to fulfil the duties which they owed to the 
infants, and so it devolved upon the females. 
Now, it must not be forgotten that the hypothesis of Evolu- 
tion requires that there must have been a transition-state. 
What would, then, become of the young, poor things ! In the 
case of the improved apes, perhaps they had recourse to a 
kind of ancient feeding-bottle.'’ ■’ Some fossils of these 
may, for aught we know, turn up by-and-by. But in the 
case of the lower orders of mammals, such a contrivance could 
not have been used, and so the wonder is that any of the poor, 
deserted infants survived. Pardon the sarcasm ! But let us 
pursue this view of the rudimentary mamma to its legitimate 
end, and see to what conclusion we shall be brought. 
If the rudimentary mamma on the breast of the males were 
rendered rudimentary by disuse, then there must have been a 
time when the progenitors of these males suckled the young. 
But if they ever did suckle young, they must have been their aim 
young. For the milk is not perfectly formed by the mammary 
glands until shortly before the birth of the infant, and the 
flow ’’ is not complete until the third day after the birth. 
So, then, according to the hypothesis, the present males have 
descended from a race which fulfilled the functions of the 
females. And as the present ' females have, of course, de- 
scended from a race who were females, there was a time in 
