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be as follows : — Tbe Teutonic family^ 94 cubic inches ; the 
Esquimaux, 91 ; the Negroes, 85 ; the Australian, 82 ; and 
the Bushmen, 77 cubic inches. Individuals, however, have 
been found to possess skulls of much larger measurement. 
But it may be asked. What proof is there that the ancient 
races of men had equally well -developed brains? We 
answer all the evidence that is needed. Some time ago a 
skull was found in the lake dwellings of Switzerland, supposed 
to have belonged to a man who inhabited that country in what 
is called the Stone age, and this skull corresponds in size and 
character with the Swiss of the present day. 
Another celebrated relic known as the Engis skull, which, 
according to the testimony of Sir John Lubbock, was contem- 
porary with the mammoth, is yet, according to the opinion of 
Professor Huxley, a fair average skull, which might have 
belonged to a philosopher, or might have contained the 
thoughtless brain of a savage.'’^ 
So much, then, for man. Now, as to the skulls of apes. 
The adult male ourang-outang is quite as large as a small-sized 
man ; the gorilla is larger ; yet the former has but 28 inches 
of brain capacity ; the latter only 30 to 34^ inches. 
Again, the lowest races of men have five-sixths of that of 
the highest races ; while the highest races of apes hare scarcely 
one-third the capacity of man. 
The brain of savages varies in size. A negro has been found 
with 105, and an Australian with 104 cubic inches. It is cer- 
tain, then, that these individuals had a development of brain 
which could be of no use to them as savages. How did they 
obtain it ? If they inherited it froni their progenitors, then 
those individuals must have been very far removed from the 
highest apes of the present day : for it has been shown that 
the gorillas have but 34 inches of brain capacity. Nor can 
the great capacity be the result of great mental exertion, for 
as savages they would never have been engaged in such work. 
In view of this wonderful brain capacity of the savage races 
we are, we think, justified in saying that there is more 
proof that the present savage races of men have been 
degraded from more civilized races than that they were 
once apes. It is, we hold, rather a case of degradation than 
of development. 
Another point of great importance in this investigation is 
the character of the organs of the voice, and the faculty of 
speech in man. 
When speaking of this Professor Mivart, in his Lessons from 
Nature, well says : — 
First. The brutes are all without true language — that is. 
