22 
where the waters of the Upper Ezziyeh Basin pass from the 
Galilean Plateau into a deep gorge of the western slope, on 
their way to the Tyrian Plain. This "Wady el Bakk corre- 
sponds well both in name and situation with the Baca of 
Josephus, as it dominates one of the principal passes between 
the Upland of Galilee and the Lowland of Tyre. While, then, 
Ptolemais and Tyre commanded the maritime plains north of 
Carmel, the Uplands pertained to, and formed, the Galilees of 
the Jewish historian; and probably the dividing line between 
them was never more distinctly marked than it is by the 
three places now identified. We cannot agree, then, with the 
author of Galilee in the time of Christ that the boundary 
on this western side of the Galilees is any more lost to us now 
than it was to Josephus. 
There is no more difficulty since the Survey, in defining the 
separation between Upper and Lower Galilee. Josephus, in 
the passage quoted, makes Bersobe indicate it. One eminent 
authority who has abundantly contributed to the literature 
relating to Palestine, both Biblical and Modern, includes in 
Upper Galilee “all the mountainous region north of the 
Plain of Esdraelon or Jezreel, the present Merj Ibn Amir.” 
Thus he places the tribe of Zebulon with Nazareth in Upper 
Galilee. But Josephus names Xaloth, as denoting the southern 
limit of Lower Galilee; and there is no question about the 
identity of Xaloth with Iksal, which is at the very foot of the 
mountains. But Iksal cannot be at the same time the 
southern limit of Lower Galilee and also the southern limit of 
Upper Galilee, which would be the case if Upper Galilee were 
brought so far south as the northern edge of the Plain of 
Esdraelon. Besides, Josephus expressly names several cities 
as being in Lower Galilee, — including Sepphoris, Jotapata, 
and Selamin, all further north, the latter being identified by 
several authorities with Khurbet Sell am eh, a ruined site about 
fifteen miles north of Iksal. 
It is in this direction that the natural features of the ground 
attract the student in search of the boundary between Upper 
and Lower Galilee, and also in search of the situation of 
Bersobe. The natural features alone clearly exhibit the 
distinction between Upper and Lower and demarcate it. 
Lower Galilee is bounded on the west by the Bay of Acre. 
From that bay, the main channel of the Mukutta River (the 
Biblical Kishon) carries the boundary in a south-easterly direc- 
tion to the head of the Valley of Jezreel, and along the present 
Nahr Jalud to the Jordan.* The River Jordan and the Sea 
* The Jewish commentators, in the Mishna, extend the division between 
