85 
(3.) The modification of a petal or sepal to hold this 
honey. 
(4.) The indication by bright colour and by special streaks 
where this honey lies. 
(5.) The fondness of bees, butterflies, and moths for this 
honey. 
(6.) The arrangement of stamens and stigma, so as to profit 
most by the visits of the insects thus occasioned. 
Row all these co-ordinate arrangements were brought about 
I am not bound to say; why they exist is obvious, namely, to 
secure the continuance of the species : in other words, no 
candid observer can deny the force of the argument for design . 
Even Sachs confesses ( Text-Book of Botany , 1st ed. Eng. 
trans., p. 843) that the reproductive processes “have the 
appearance of being the result of the most careful and far- 
sighted calculation and deliberation.” I may add that in the 
second edition of this valuable work, which has appeared since 
I wrote this paper, either the venerable author or the translator 
repudiates purpose in plant-life as an antiquated superstition. 
Such is the narrowing effect of over-specialisation ; one of the 
crying evils to which the science of the present day is subject. 
The students of natural history write too often, as if there 
were no such branches of knowledge as metaphysics, history, 
or theology. 
But I wish, in the next place, to call your attention to some 
of the complicated reproductive arrangements in Cryptogams. 
Speaking broadly, yet still with strict accuracy. Phanerogams 
are distinguished from Cryptogams by this mark : in the case 
of the former the sperm-cells, i.e, pollen-grains, are adapted 
to the air ; in the latter the sperm-cells, i.e. the antherozoids, 
are adapted to water. The simplest Cryptogams ( Schizophytes ) 
are apparently reproduced only by self-division, but wherever a 
higher form of reproduction is found, the antherozoids invariably 
require water, in which they swim about until they reach the 
anchegonium. What is so amazing, however, is the variety of 
details, the diversity of contrivances, which are far greater 
than in flowering plants. I will trespass upon your patience 
with a description of the reproductive organs in Ohara. 
Species of Ohara are common in ponds and ditches, and are 
easily distinguished by their whorled branches, their gritty 
feel from their being encrusted with calcareous matter, and 
the brick-red colour of the mature antheridia. These last 
look like little pills, and are bounded by eight cortical cells, 
which separate at maturitv. “ Of these eight cortical cells,” 
VOL. XVII. H 
