228 
“ the Hebrew/'’ or passenger, was soon after be crossed the 
Euphrates to the Land of Promise, as the word “Abar” 
means to cross or to pass. 
With regard to the Deluge, it is an undeniable fact that its 
story has been believed from mediseval time all over the world — 
by believers in Revelation or pagans, by civilised or uncivilised 
peoples, by the descendants of Shem, or those of Japhet and 
Ham ; and whether those nationalities believed in the God of 
the Hebrews, Christians, Mohammedans, or in any other gods, 
they all came to the same conclusion, that the Lord of the 
Universe, on account of the wickedness of man, had caused 
the earth to be submerged with water, whereby all living 
creatures were destroyed. 
Nicolas of Damascus, who lived about the time of Augustus 
Cassar, also makes the following allusion to the Deluge. He 
says : “ There is above Minyas, in the land of Armenia, a very 
great mountain, which is called Baris, to which it is said that 
many persons retreated at the time of the flood, and were saved; 
and that one in particular was carried thither in an ark, and 
was landed on its summit ; and that the remains of the vessel 
were long preserved upon the mountain. Perhaps this was the 
same individual of whom Moses, the legislator of the Jews, has 
made mention.”* 
The Hindoos have a tradition that a personage called 
“ Manu ” was ordered by a great fish to build a ship secured 
to the horn of Brahma in a fish form, to escape the Deluge, and 
was at last landed on a northern mountain, which brings their 
account identically to that mentioned in Genesis. 
A model of Apamea, a heathen coin, evidently struck in the 
reign of Septimus Severus, about the second century, repre- 
sented the tradition of the Deluge by a floating ark, two per- 
sons within and two leaving it, with two birds, one on the 
ark, and the other is flying to it with a branch. 
Amongst the Chinese the tradition is that the founder of 
their civilisation, “ Faho,” escaped from the flood, and was 
the first man, with his wife, three sons, and three daughters, 
who occupied the rehabitated universe. And in like manner, 
amongst other uncivilised and savage nationalities in the 
Western hemisphere, who were not known to the people of 
Europe or Asia 400 years ago, the same tradition exists as 
regards the Deluge, which shows the general belief in that 
visitation of Divine wrath. 
Amongst the records I discovered in Nineveh, in 1854, 
* Josephus, Antiquity of the Jews , Book i. 3. 
