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previously accepted, if tliey cannot be shown to be false \ and 
which, if true, really settle the main question, and leave no 
place for a theory of Utilitarianism. These principles are, 
That God is the moral governor of the world, and that reason 
and conscience are the yoice of God in man’s heart, and 
enable us to discover or to know intuitively what is right, or 
in accordance with God^s will. Zeno taught this so far, 
according to the light of nature ; Christ added the light of 
revelation of the Truth and will of God. God is the basis of 
the Stoical system, as it is of Christianity ; but Utilitarianism 
is essentially atheistic. And yet it now confessedly requires 
to borrow “ many Stoic as well as Christian elements,” before 
it can claim to draw out its scheme of consequences “ in any 
sufficient manner. - ” In other words, modern Utilitarianism 
may now be defined as Epicureanism plus some of the ele- 
ments of Theism, to be found in Stoicism and Christianity. 
But, then, I must point out that these incorporated elements 
are heterogeneous to the theory that adopts them. The 
moment the idea of God is entertained, as the author of created 
existence, His will must necessarily override and supersede 
all other considerations as the proper and only true basis of 
morality. This is so, whether that will is only known or 
sought after by the aid of natural reason and conscience, or 
whether a fuller knowledge of it is further revealed to man by 
the Scriptures. Moreover, professing Christians have a right 
to demand of any teacher of new moral theories — and espe- 
cially of one who admits the necessity of certain Christian 
elements to complete the theory he propounds — that he will 
plainly tell them what other Christian elements the advocates 
of Utilitarianism are prepared to show should be set aside as 
false. Christians cannot be content to be merely told that 
“ Utility is not only not a godless doctrine, but more pro- 
foundly religious than any other nor satisfied to learn that 
“the Utilitarian who believes in the perfect goodness and 
wisdom of God, necessarily believes that whatever God has 
thought fit to reveal on the subject of morals, must fulfil the 
requirements of utility in a supreme degree.” All this the 
Christian himself believes, but also something more than this. 
Let us at least raise perfectly clear issues in all such discus- 
sions, and begin at the beginning logically. Christianity is a 
long-established system, which claims to be wholly true. 
Those who reject it, or set it aside, are bound to attack it 
seriously, if they have anything better to teach. They have 
no right to appropriate some of its “ elements ” to bolster up 
an adverse system, in order to make the latter palatable to 
those whose minds have been elevated, however unconsciously, 
