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that the particular conclusion drawn in the paper is false, nor the line of 
argument adopted essentially illogical, hut simply that in the form in which 
he puts it, it is a false one, since it leads to a false conclusion. Then, as 
to the criticism on Professor Grove, as to motion and force. Professor Kirk 
says that what is called force is admitted to he nothing more than motion. 
Now, Professor Grove and other scientific men hold that as firmly as Professor 
Kirk himself. Why, then, do they call it now motion and now force? 
Because it is regarded in two different aspects. Regarded as existing in any 
particular thing it is motion. Regarded as passing on into something else, 
and thereby producing a change in that something, it is force, simply because 
you look at it under another aspect. If I take a hot bar of iron, and regard 
it in itself, I say, This iron is in a state of motion. If, now, I bring my hand 
near to it, I receive part of that motion ; it confers motion upon me, it causes 
the particles of my hand to move also, and so exercises force, and this I 
apprehend is all that Professor Grove or any one else intends by force as 
distinguished from motion. Now we come to the great point of the paper, 
that mind is the true generator of force. Is this so ? Let us take the 
illustration Professor Kirk dwells upon, this delicately-arranged experiment 
of Professor Grove, in which the raising of a shutter by the hand causes 
certain changes to take place. Is that raising of the shutter the cause of 
those changes ? Alter the circumstances very slightly, and you will see in an 
instant that it is not. If a thing is really the cause of any phenomenon, the 
omission of that thing will inevitably occasion the non-occurrence of the 
phenomenon. If, then, here, the same effect can be produced without any 
human being lifting the shutter, it is plain that lifting the shutter is not the 
efficient cause. Let us suppose the apparatus arranged without a shutter at 
all, in a dark room, and left to itself. A flash of lightning comes, it is 
sufficient, all the phenomena are produced, and yet no human being has had 
anything to do with it. It is plain, then, that the lifting of the shutter in 
this experiment is not the efficient cause of the phenomena which result, 
because these phenomena can result as well without the shutter being lifted 
at all 
Mr. Reddie. — In that case you must attribute it to another mind that 
caused the lightning. (Hear, hear.) 
Mr. Warington. — I repeat, then, the lifting of the shutter is not the 
cause. What is the cause ? The cause is the light. It is the light which 
produces every effect which is seen, and the work which mind has to do is 
simply this — to control at what particular moment, or under what circum- 
stances, the light shall come. The mind does not occasion the light ; it 
simply controls when and how it shall come, directs its path, and so causes it 
to effect certain objects. The real acting influence is the light, the mind is 
only directive. But now, to take the other aspect of the illustration. Man, 
at all events, had arranged the apparatus in order to produce the effect. 
True ; but by what power had he arranged it ? By the power of his 
muscles. And whence came that power ? Solely from the combustion of a 
certain part of his own frame, which he had no power to occasion or to stay. 
X 
