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distinct species. But at the very outset of his comparison of 
the structures of the cebus he states a fact which entirely invali- 
dates his argument; viz., that, while one cebus has five ribless 
lumbar vertebrae, the other has six ; for all the osteological 
and other differences, between various human types put to- 
gether do not equal in importance the difference of a vertebra. 
Again, Professor Yogt takes great pains to show that the 
Negro presents indications of anatomical approximation to a 
simian type, especially instancing the great length of his 
hand, — apparently oblivious of the fact that the Australian, 
who is universally placed below the Negro in the gradational 
system, is, barring a slight abdominal protuberance, as ele- 
gantly formed as a European, and that his hand is in the 
same relative proportion to the rest of his body ; there is 
little doubt that the value of these and other physiological 
differences has been greatly exaggerated. 
The intellectual differences between the various races of 
mankind are still less strongly marked than the physical. 
We contrast intellectually the Bushman or the Negro with the 
highly civilized European, and at the first blush there cer- 
tainly appears to be an immense disparity. But a very cursory 
examination is sufficient to show us that the superiority of 
the European is almost entirely the result of adventitious 
circumstances. Civilization is not the necessary result of a 
state of high intellectual development. History does not 
afford a single example of a nation attaining even a moderate 
degree of civilization without extraneous assistance. We can 
trace the stream of modern civilization backwards, until it 
loses itself on the banks of the Nile. We get our laws from 
Borne, our taste for literature and the arts from Greece, our 
religion from Judasa ; but does any one imagine that, if Egypt 
and Greece and Borne and Judaea had never existed, the Celt 
or the Teuton would have spontaneously developed a civiliza- 
tion equal to that of Europe at the present day ? 
And although Europe, as a whole, is far more civilized 
than any nation of antiquity, we do not find that the progress 
of civilization has been accompanied by a perceptible advance 
of intellectual power ; in fact, it is questionable whether an 
intellectual comparison with ancient Greece or Borne is not 
rather to our disadvantage. Furthermore, Europe presents 
great intellectual uniformity. Within the last six centuries 
England, Germany, Italy, France, and Spain have produced 
magnificent literatures ; one of the greatest epic poems comes 
from Portugal; while the Slavonic nations yield to none in 
literary ability. Considering, then, that Europe was peopled 
from many different sources, can we doubt that the intel- 
