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lationships, again, which can be traced among words of 
family kindred on both sides. On the Mongolian, in Lapp 
akha, for wife ; in Ostiak, ika, for husband ; in Turkish, acha 
for elder brother. On the American side, we have in Green- 
land aka for uncle, while in Otawa ague , and in Dakota waka- 
angka ; and in Umqua, ekhe ; all stand for woman. I will 
only add two more specimens. On the Mongolian side, for 
the word fish, we find in Samoyede, kole ; in Lapp, quolle ; in 
Chinese, kho (a river) ; in Mantschu, golo (the bed of a river). 
On the American side, we have in Eskimo, for fish, khallu ; 
in Choctaw, kullo ; in Cathlascan, calla ; and in Cherokee, for 
perch, agaula. Again, on the Mongolian side, for child, we 
find esi, in Samoyede ; while in Canton, dsxi ; and in Mian, sa ; 
and in Kuanchua, dsu, for son. On the American side, we 
find in Ojibbewa, for child, an esi in Choctaw, ussi ; while in 
Ottomi, iso stands for son, and in Chinook, asa stands for 
daughter. These, and other root affinities, seem to me to be 
too widely dispersed, and too regularly connected with one 
another, to be accounted for on the ground of mere accident, 
especially when we recollect the almost endless variety of forms 
into which these divers languages throw their words.* 
Evidences, also, of strong philological relationship exist 
between the languages of South America and those of South 
India , through the intermediate links of Australia and Poly- 
nesia. The first striking analogy which I note between some 
of the American family of languages and those of the Deccan 
in South India, is traceable in the pronouns I and Thou, 
conveyed intermediately through the Australian dialects. 
Thus in the Deccan family, I is represented by nunu , nenu, 
nan , nyan. In the proximate Australian family, nyan is 
represented by nganya and ngai. In the American stage of 
transition, ngai takes the form of naiki (Upper Chinooks) ; 
and nganya of ' yung (Mosquito). The Cayuse say ining. 
The same appears in relation to Thou. In the Deccan dialects 
we have ni, nin, ninna ; in the Australian, ninna , ningte , 
nginne. In the American, the Loucheux Indians say nin ; the 
Mosquito, nan. Analogies exist also in grammar, by which 
Polynesia becomes a link as well as Australia. The Poly- 
nesian family ( e . g.) contains two personal pronouns we — one 
including the person addressed, like our own ; and the other 
excluding them. A missionary was once preaching in Tahiti, 
when he said, “ We are great sinners but using the wrong 
* The relationship of the American languages to the Somoyede is well 
brought out in a contribution to the Philological Society by L. K. Daa. See 
volume for 1856. 
