279 
habits and modes of living of men have remained the “ same ” 
from the time of the Mammoth and the tichorhin Rhino- 
ceros till now ” ! The scientific crown, therefore, awaits the 
Anthropologist, who shall yet have the good fortune to dis- 
cover, in still older strata, the fossilized bones of an Ape more 
anthropoid or a Man more pithecoid, with the possible epitaph. 
Here lie the mortal remains of the Intermediate Vertebrates ! 
Physical conditions do not account for organized intellectual 
differences from the same cell. In a recent course of “ Lectures 
on Man, I have taught that there exist the strongest reasons 
for establishing a close anatomical and physiological similitude 
of structure and function between Homo Sapiens and the 
Anthropoid Mammalia, e.g., as with no other vertebrates, the 
optic nerves open directly in the cerebral hemispheres ; hence 
man and ape perceive their sensations alike, but there is no 
identity m Nature ; i.e., I acknowledge an Ideal Series between 
Types, but not a Lineal Series physically. 
19. Nations rise and fall, yet there are Races which certainly 
were, never Savages. Whatever may be said about the past 
physical History of Mankind, in regard to skulls, worked stones, 
tumuli, caverns, flints, and bones, Race-Legislation, mythology, 
superstitions, idolatrous worship, or comparison of man with the 
lower animals, as being the essentials of modern Anthropology 
which, by the way, is defined by la Soc. d } Anthropologie, Paris, 
as “ the scientific study of the Races of Men,” Religion must be 
duly considered in every true Science of Man, and not super- 
stition merely. Religion, in my opinion, cannot be scientifically 
ignored by any Anthropological Society, British or Foreign, 
unless Man himself be excluded. Religiosity is the anthropo- 
logical character; even the psychological characters of the 
amerent races cannot be adequately investigated without 
discovering the inexorable influence of monotheism, or poly- 
theism, upon them. That Man is diverse in origin, and diverse 
m land, and derived naturally from lower animals, is, like 
the statement that Brain originates Mind and Thought, a 
molecular phenomenon, an hypothesis in each case as old as 
f linos ophy . itself. These theories have their day, are for- 
gotten, as m 1670, and revived in 1870. Their authors are 
usually men of large intellects but small hearts. Did time 
permit, I could demonstrate almost every recent theory, now 
so assiduously propagated as u Science of Man,” in the ancient 
speculations of former Materialists throughout the History of 
1 kiiosophy , from the .Ape origin of Man to primordial utricle, 
molecular machinery included, or with the conditions reversed, 
withal the scientific infidel stands but very insecurely, on a 
broken leg, and sandy foundation ; for, supposing it “proved,” 
VOL. V. -y 
