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elaborate mathematical calculation, which is a purely intel- 
lectual operation. But we do not consider the bee one whit 
more intelligent than the wasp, who constructs his cell on 
less scientific principles : because we know that they both act 
from an internal impulse, that the intelligence displayed is 
not their own intelligence, and that their actions are not the 
result of their own reasoning. Nor when we find the bees 
covering the body of a slug with wax are we driven from the 
province of instinct. We see in this action the awakening 
of a dormant instinct, which does not manifest itself until 
it is required. I cite these common instances in order to 
narrow the field of debate, and to restrict it to those cases 
in which the animal acts in accordance with acquired 
knowledge. 
5. The instinct supplies the animal with certain general 
principles of action. It teaches him how to construct his nest, 
or his cell; it shows him how to procure his food, and to 
rear his young ; and, so far as their more necessary and indis- 
pensable wants are concerned, we find all animals of the same 
species acting with undeviating uniformity. But he is fre- 
quently placed in circumstances which his instinctive know- 
ledge does not enable him to deal with; and, evidently in 
order that he may adapt himself to new conditions, the sphere 
of his knowledge is capable of being considerably extended 
by the aid of memory ; and it is this use of memory which has 
given lise to the notion that the brute is possessed of intel- 
ligence, We rashly apply to the lower animals the test of an 
analogy drawn from our own consciousness ; and because we 
find ourselves consciously regulating our conduct by past 
experience, we are liable to infer that the animal does the 
same. Yet, if we studied the phenomena of our own psycho- 
logy more attentively, we should find ourselves continually 
acting in accordance with impressions ; which have been stored 
ll P b y memory, and which produce actions entirely auto- 
matic. A person who has been injured, for instance, by a cow 
or a horse, will probably feel an instinctive terror at the 
appeal ance of one of these animals, although his reason may 
show him that they are rarely dangerous, and it is not unfre- 
quently the case that, while perfectly aware of the groundless- 
ness of his fear, he is totally unable to overcome it. The 
memory is not in itself an intellectual quality ; it retains sen- 
sations and impressions as well as ideas ; and not only is 
tins so, but the impressions unconsciously retained by the 
memory are capable of awakening in us the instincts of fear, 
anger, &c., and of producing without any exercise of the rea- 
soning faculty, actions conducive to our own safety, I do not 
