300 
say that we never reason in such cases, but merely that we 
often act, without reasoning, from an , impure caused by the 
association of impressions ; and this fact is quite sufhcient to 
establish the principle. Of course, when I afterwards come 
to analyze, at my leisure, the psychological P rooes ® ^ 
resulted in my running away from a cow, I may attribute y 
action to the 7 circumstance of my haying been tossed by a 
cow at some former period of my existence ; and the process 
may seem to me to be a rational one : the fact that I reason on 
the 7 matter subsequently may beget the idea that I 
at the time ; whereas at the time m question it is quite possible 
that I had no conscious recollection of the former occurrenc^ 
6 For when any object is retained by the memoiy, 
feelings which it inspired when it was first presented to the 
consciousness are retained together with it; and when it is 
reproduced, those feelings are reproduced also, except in a 
far as they are modified by particular circumstance*. . 
this action of the memory is quite independent of reason , 
although we are able, as an act of volition, to direct our 
attention to circumstances of our P as * lives, , 'p® d ° a “ e ^ se( j 
so when those circumstances have been alieady imp 
upon and retained by the memory spontaneously, ^nd 
resnect to circumstances which we have forgotten, we are com- 
nelled if we wish to recall them, to direct our attention to 
concomitant circumstances which we have «ot foi^otten^ an 
to evoke them from oblivion by means of associufeoa which 
is a prominent characteristic of the memory, ^dwhichm by 
no means under the direct control of the rational will, m 
short we must humour the memory, but we cannot comman 
it And if we wish to impress any fact upon our memories, 
we are obliged, unless the fact is of such a natuie as to 
impress itseff upon us involuntarily, to have recomse t 
artificial methods adapted to our individual P“” 
Memory is, of course, indispensable to an exercise ot -h 
intellectual faculties, and, cceteris paribus, the man who ^ 
a good memory is obviously superior in intelle0 ^ l° e 5V a 3 
to the man who has a bad one. But memory <1 
indispensable to the unintelligent brute; and , f * 0 J e of 
permitted to assume such a contingency for the ' pun*>» 3 0 
illustration — the annihilation of this important faculty m the 
animal kingdom would be as disastrous .in .its effe ]d 
suspension of tbe law of gravitation m tbe natural wor . 
Were it not for memory, the bird would forget his way ao 
to his nest, or that he had a nest at all; the ammal flj ng 
from a pursuer would forget directly he turned his head 
forwards that there was any necessity for continuing 
