301 
flight. Bat, while memory is not an intellectual faculty, it is 
on the other hand intimately connected with instinct ; and if 
any proof were required in support of this assertion, it might 
be found in the fact, which is palpable to every one who has 
considered the matter at all, that those objects or actions 
which interest our feelings (or instincts) are more vividly 
impressed on, and more permanently retained by, the 
memory, than those which have occupied the intellectual 
faculties alone. 
7. In the lower animals we find the same principle — of the 
production of actions by an association of impressions. If I 
thrash my dog every time I wear a scarlet coat, the dog will, 
after a time, make a point of avoiding me whenever he sees 
me with the scarlet coat on. There need be no reasoning in 
the dog's mind at all ; he instinctively associates my costume 
with a sensation disagreeable to himself, and he gets out of 
the way accordingly. In the discussion on iny former paper, 
Professor Macdonald, arguing on behalf of the intelligence of 
brutes, cited the instance of his brother-in-law's dogs, who 
would always go out with him on a week-day, but who never 
offered to accompany him on Sunday. And why ? Because 
the dogs had learnt by experience that Professor Macdonald's 
brother-in-law, with his Sunday coat and prayer-book, was a 
very different personage from Professor Macdonald's brother- 
in-law with his shooting-jacket and gun. There is, perhaps, 
no animal whose actions are more difficult to explain psycho- 
logically than a dog's : and the reason of this seems to me to 
be that, whereas brutes can only be influenced through their 
instincts, we possess in the extraordinary attachment of the 
dog towards his master an additional means by which we can 
work upon him. If we could get other animals to pay atten- 
tion to us, we might teach them as much as we do the dog. 
The most (apparently) rational actions of a dog proceed from 
his affection ; and no one will deny that both affection and 
fear are purely instinctive. The numerous instances upon 
record in which a dog has called assistance to his master when 
in danger, are as little indicative of reason as the sagacity 
displayed by an animal in securing its prey or defending itself 
from its enemies. 
8. If, then, we admit — as we cannot well avoid doing — the 
function of memory in causing actions without the intervention 
of an intellectual process, there is very little space left in the 
brute psychology between sensual perception and the innate 
tendency to act. It is to this intermediate ground that I 
assigned (in my former paper) the phrase natural sagacity." 
It is inconsistent with our ideas of an intelligent Creator to 
