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showing that those who think they can philosophically discuss, anthropology 
without taking into account the spirit of man were not acting a philoso- 
phical, but on the contrary a most unscientific part. Psychology is the science 
of the ipvxv, and ^ y X v is in general correctly translated soul, but with a wider 
meaning than I believe it strictly speaking ought to have.. In both the Old 
and the New Testament the soul is popularly spoken of as including the spirit 
as well as the soul properly speaking, really means life— that which 
animates the body, whether it be a tree or. an animal. The life in a tree 
or in a dog, a cat, a horse, a bee, or a man, is that which animates and ener- 
gizes the body,— that which calls out all the forces of which the physical body 
is capable. Whatever is necessary for the existence of the body or life, the 
soul energizes the body to do. Whatever faculties and capacity for action, 
and whatever powers of activity are in the body, are brought out by the 
healthy life or soul, the body being thereby enabled to do the thing that is 
obviously before it at the time. This applies to men as well as to the. lower 
animals. The ^v X v urges us to do everything necessary for our subsistence 
and defence ; the ^v X r) enables us to exercise every limb we have and all the 
nerves and muscles in our body. Take the case of the cat at the door. That 
is simply a case of the cat having gone in and out over and over again, and 
therefore is a matter of habit. A much more difficult matter is the case of 
a cat carried in a hamper for a hundred miles and finding its way back again. 
There can indeed, strictly speaking, be no operation of reason there, but there 
is something of a most wonderful character, because the eyes have not been 
employed. No doubt the cat has an instinctive desire to get back, and this 
paper speaks of instinct as being a carrying out of such desires, and speaks 
of the impressions made upon the eyes and ears, and so on. The desire to be 
in the same place that it was in before would no doubt induce the cat to exert 
itself to find the way home, and probably it would have to beat about many 
bushes and roads before it found the way. As to the bees, it has been stated 
that before they take their direct flight homewards they make two or three 
circles in the air. Probably in doing so they are feeling in what direction 
the wind blows, in order to find their way ; and though there is an impression 
of memory involved, there is, strictly speaking, no reasoning at. all. The bee 
simply carries out the natural design or condition of its existence that it 
should have a cell, and having made that cell, it is its nature to inhabit it 
and to return to it. As to the dog at Devonport, I do not see anything, more 
striking in that than in the case of the cat going to the door. It is simply 
a matter of habit. There is memory in it no doubt, but what were eyes 
given to the animal for except that it should take notice of things ? Instinct, 
in short, is an exertion of the physical parts of the healthy body urged by 
the healthy life that is in it. I believe the spirit is the intellect, and though 
the word nvt ii/xa was not generally used in that sense among the classical 
writers, but rather ^v X n, still I think we may fairly, knowing so much more 
than they did, distinguish between these things. We still talk of the sun 
rising, although we know that it does not rise ; but in scientific discussion we 
should keep these matters clear. It was said the other night that the word 
