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his lord ; he worshipped no other God in the whole land. While Apophis 
was celebrating the dedication of his temple to Sutech, the ruler of the 
South prepared to build a temple in opposition.” 
15. This noticeable fact of Pharaoh Apophis having been 
devoted exclusively to the worship of Sutech has been con- 
firmed by Mariette's discovery of a colossal statue at Avaris 
with this inscription on the right shoulder : — 
Pharaoh Apophis, worshipper of the God Sutech. 
Hence, as Dr. Brugsch well observes : — “ The mention of 
this god in combination with the Shepherd king, proves most 
clearly what is stated in the papyrus concerning Apophis 
having been specially devoted to the worship of this god to 
the exclusion of all the other deities of the whole country.” 
(Histoire d’ Egypt, p. 79.) 
16. Who then was this Sutech, the god of the shepherds ? 
It appears that he was the national god of Syria ; and 
Pharaoh's recognition of Joseph being enabled to interpret 
his dream by the aid of the Syrian god accords with the words 
of Moses — “ A Syrian ready to perish was my father, and he 
went down into Egypt and sojourned there with a few, and 
became there a nation great, mighty, and populous ; and the 
Egyptians evil entreated us, and afflicted us, and laid upon us 
hard bondage.” (. Deuteronomy xxvi. 5, 6.) Dr. Birch of the 
British Museum, one of the greatest of living authorities in 
Egyptology, considers that Sutech denotes “ the one only God, 
as distinct from all other deities ;” which serves to explain an 
inscription at Thebes, of the son of Ramessu the Great, 
Pharaoh Manepthah, who is represented as worshipping “the 
God Sutech of Avaris.” As Ewald in his Geschichte des Volkes 
Israel, p. 450, asserts that Avaris means philologically nothing 
less than “the city of the Hebrews and De Rouge gathers 
from the Egyptian monuments that Avaris is the same as Tanis, 
or the Scripture Zoan, which in Hebrew signifies “ motion,” 
and is the proper equivalent for Hawar or Avar, “ the place of 
departure ” from which the Israelites went forth at the time 
of the Exodus ( Revue Arch., 1861, p. 250), we may interpret 
the inscription “ the God Sutech of Avaris,” as signifying in 
reality “ Jehovah the God of the City of the Hebrews.” 
17. It is curious to trace the changes which the worship of 
Sutech underwent during the four centuries which intervened 
between Pharaoh Apophis and Pharaoh Manepthah. On the 
expulsion of the shepherds from Egypt, which took place 
shortly after the death of Joseph, Sutech assumed another 
