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out, with our word “ shepherd.” Joshua came in to fight the Amorites after the 
Shepherds had disappeared, and by one battle he won the south of Judea. 
Now, it is allowed on all hands that Ramesses II. was the great conqueror 
who destroyed these Shasu. We have full documentary evidence of this, and 
I have reproduced his campaign in this Exodus Papyri. Indeed, we know 
a great deal of his time, and we know from the races which he conquered that 
the Exodus must have been after his time. We say the Jews dwelt in Egypt, 
and we talk of Egypt as being a word of very wide significance. If we speak 
of the land of Ham, we may be right, but if we talk of Mizraim, which in nine- 
teen cases out of twenty we do talk of as the place where the Jews dwelt, that 
is a very different matter.* In the same way, when we talk of the well-known 
city of Tyre, we often forget that there were two more cities of Tyre, one in the 
Persian Gulf and the other in the Mediterranean Sea. I do not profess that 
the five papyri translated in my book are all as accurately rendered as would 
be the case if one were doing a bit of Herodotus or Thucydides, but there is a 
vast amount in my translation which no Egyptian scholar would at all deny. 
The main difficulty in translating is found in the fragmentary nature of the 
documents. In these papyri we have a Jannes mentioned five times. He 
was governor of Heliopolis. We also meet with Balak, the son of Zippor, 
and none of these names have been met with anywhere but in these Anastasi 
pajoyri. But a most remarkable coincidence, which tends greatly to 
strengthen the proof of this chronology, and which is a distinct point of 
great interest in itself, is that Manepthah II., the monarch of the Exodus, 
was the son of a man who was the brother of a person whose sarcophagus 
we have in the British Museum, and who was the governor of Palestine, 
which belonged then to Egypt. And what do you think his name 
was ? We have all heard of Phineas, the son of Eleazer, the son of Aaron 
the priest. Phineas is not a Hebrew name, but it is the name of that 
governor of Palestine whose sarcophagus we have in the British Museum. 
It is a pure Egyptian name. There are a vast number of other inter- 
esting points in this work. These papyri are in many places in a very 
dilapidated condition, and when you come to one particular and perhaps 
vitally important word, you may feel very well satisfied if you find that 
only half has been torn out of the middle. In one place the name of Jannes 
occurs ; and there is another name with it, but several letters are wanting. 
There is a J and an M, and then a gap ; but it is the right length for 
being Jambres ; and when you find those names together in any docu- 
ment, you may assume them to be the names of the magicians mentioned 
in the Scriptures. The Egyptians had a peculiar style, and were fond of 
giving people complimentary names, as a “Bull” for instance ; and we read 
in the papyrus “ the capital of the Bull Jambres in the land of Dag.” Now 
* The word Mizraim is analogous to the words Michmash and Minnith ; 
Michmash is Mi-Chemosh, the place of Chemosh ; Minnith is Mi-Neith, the 
place of Neith ; and Mizraim is simply Mi-Zuraim, the place of the two Zurs, 
or two cities named Tyre, in the Delta. 
