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doctrine of transmigration. The Elysium and Tartarus of 
Greece and Rome testify to it. In the present day, the 
Red Indian hears witness to it in his belief of those happy 
hunting-grounds in another world where his faithful dog will 
accompany him. When the Greenlanders see the play ot the 
Aurora Borealis in the sky, they believe it to be the spirits oi 
their ancestors, manifesting their happiness and joy m heaven. 
It is where the moral nature is exceptionally dwarfed and 
stunted that this doctrine is not held even among the rudest 
16. Soul and spirit are ideally, not actually, separable. The 
mind distinguishes between them, but, in their essence, they 
are one. Soul and spirit can exist without the body ; but the 
body without them is dead. The departure of the soul is a 
Scriptural form for expressing the dying of the body. I he 
departure of the spirit expresses the same fact. . Ihe apost e 
James asserts that the body without the spirit is dead. Ihis 
evidently implies that the psyche departs with the pneuma. 
The psyche never remains in the body to animate it when the 
pneuma is gone. That there is an animal life which we have 
in common with inferior living creatures, and which dies with 
the body, we do not deny, but we hope to show that this is 
not the rational psyche, which survives the body as well as 
17 in Yvpoaont, sta.te. the nsvche cannot act without the 
savages. 
Pneuma and Psyche one in Essence, 
* Neshamoth has obviously here the sense of nephashoth. 
