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the apostle John. He employs instead of it the word “ heart " 
“ If onr heart condemn us," and “ if our heart condemn ns 
not/' are his expressions for the approbation and disapproba- 
tion of conscience. It occurs about thirty times in the Hew 
Testament, and in twenty -one of these is used by the apostle 
Paul. If we accept this apostle as the author of the epistle to 
the Hebrews, he is the only New Testament writer who uses 
the word, except the apostle Peter, who employs it three 
tlH16S 
34. Conscience, though shared by the psyche, is mainly, as 
we hope by-and-by to show, the great organ of the pneuma. 
35. Conscience, from its etymology, implies the knowledge 
of a divine rule ; then that such and such acts agree with or 
contradict that rule. In Rom. ii. Paul shows that the heathen 
have that rule in nature. The eternal power and divinity of 
God, he affirms, are apparent from the things which He has 
made. Without a rule the human mind can form no judge- 
ment. Hence it is that conscience, to be a correct guide, 
must itself be instructed by an infallible standard. It is only 
safe to follow it when it is divinely enlightened. Some of 
the worst deeds that ever disgraced humanity have been done 
by its promptings. “ The time will come," said Christ to 
His disciples, “ that whosoever killeth you will think that he 
doeth God service." The rivers of righteous blood which have 
flowed in Christendom, in the name of conscience and of God, 
are a comment upon these words. Follow conscience, how- 
ever, we must ; hence our deep responsibility to have it en- 
lightened from the infallible fountains of knowledge. 
Pneuma the Possession of Universal Man. 
36. I am not aware that any believer in Revelation denies 
that every man possesses a soul. If our previous citations be 
apposite, and our reasonings just, it is equally evident that 
every man possesses also a spirit. But as this is . denied by 
some, it may be well to establish it by distinct testimony. 
37. The doctrine of not a few, in the present day, is that 
while man by nature possesses a soul which is mortal, he omy 
receives a spirit, which is immortal, when he is boi;n again. 
This, I am bold to affirm, is neither the psychology nor 
pneumatology of sacred Scripture. . , 
38. To affirm that any man possesses not a spirit, in the 
sense in which we have hitherto, in this paper, employed the 
term, and the sense intended by those with whom we join 
issue, is, we submit, to deny his proper humanity. The pneuma 
