the word “ mind ” also, are all used in a popular sense throughout the Bible, 
except where such words are used by St. Paul. That is what the paper 
really shows ; not that the immortal spirit and the soul are identical or 
equivalent, but that they are common terms in the Bible, and are both used 
for one common substance, namely, the spirit. Of course I use the word 
“substance” in a philosophical sense. I confess that my own view 
of the subject, to go to the root of matter at once, is that the spirit of 
man alone will animate his body after the resurrection;* and that, as 
has been shown by a very able passage in the paper, the soul — the 
animal soul — will not survive after the resurrection. St. Thomas Aquinas 
is very clear upon the point that the body, at the resurrection, will be 
animated no longer by the soul of the flesh, but by the spirit alone. In 
short, this paper of Mr. Graham’s only proves the unphilosophical 
character of the language of Holy Scripture. In popular language, man 
consists of two parts, soul and body ; so entirely in popular use is the word 
“ soul ” used for spirit, that it was so used almost universally by the writers 
of the Old and New Testaments. But St. Paul, having a more methodical 
and systematic mind, expresses the difference distinctly and clearly in 
every passage. Indeed, I would undertake to show that in every passage 
that could be brought forward, where he uses the word “ soul,” he speaks 
of the animal soul. For example, in the 29th section of the paper, Mr. 
Graham has referred to the passage from the Epistle to the Ephesians, and 
pointed out that in the words translated “ doing the will of God from the 
heart,” the last word is ^vxn, and not icapdia } yet equally expressive of the 
operation of the animal soul, as distinct from the spirit or rational soul. 
Now the dog is the most faithful servant to the man who has found out 
and secured its affections ; there is nothing that it will not do for its 
master, it is always on the look-out to fulfil his wishes, as expressed either by 
the eye or in any other way, and having found a protector and a friend in its 
master, it makes no attempt to gain any other friend, but looks to him as its 
one source of happiness, and does everything it can for him out of its heart — in 
fact, £K The dog is capable of performing great services, and doing 
marvellous things for its master, its instinct rising almost up to the level of 
reason. In the same way, the affections of the heart and the energized 
powers of the body enable men and women to carry out into action the feel- 
ings within them ; and St. Paul uses the phrase £/c ipvxvs in this place to 
show that the Christian’s obedience is to be so completely a part of his being 
as to partake of the character of instinct — pervading his whole soul-animated 
body. It is just a parallel case to the use of philosophical terms. We 
all understand the fact that the sun does not go round the earth, and 
* See 1 Cor. xv. 44. “ It is sown a natural body [oLu/xa \ pvxucov], it is 
raised a spiritual body [<ju>pa twcvucitikovY 
